【作者】 卢小丽；

【导师】 武春友； 柳振万；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 技术经济及管理， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 传统大众旅游过分注重旅游的经济效益,一定程度上重蹈“以牺牲环境为代价”的工业化发展错误模式,导致旅游目的地环境的恶化和旅游效益的丧失。生态旅游作为强调对资源的保护、社区参与和高质量旅游体验的负责任的可持续旅游形式,一经提出便在全球旅游界、环境保护界掀起了热潮,成为21世纪国际旅游研究的主流。生态旅游的发展给旅游目的地社区带来了广泛的影响,社区的主人——居民是这些影响的主要承担者。关注社区居民对生态旅游影响的感知,鼓励社区居民参与生态旅游的发展是提高生态旅游正面影响、减少负面影响的有效手段。本文以生态旅游社区居民为研究对象,探讨生态旅游社区居民旅游影响感知、对生态旅游发展的态度和参与行为之间的相互关系,为最终实现旅游业、社区和居民的三方和谐共赢提供有益的指导。 首先,本文针对生态旅游概念众多、对生态旅游的理解解读众殊、泛化的概念无法清晰界定生态旅游活动的现象,通过对中外成文于1990年后的40个有影响力的生态旅游概念进行梳理,识别出评判生态旅游活动的6个标准:以自然为基础、对保护的贡献、当地社区受益、环境教育、道德规范与责任和可持续性。通过不同评判员之间的一致性比较和相似研究成果的对比,验证了本研究结果作为评判中国生态旅游活动的有效性和可行性。在此基础上将生态旅游界定为:生态旅游是以可持续旅游和伦理道德规范原则为指导,在旅游过程中强调环境教育、影响管理和社区受益,并为其所依赖的环境保护做贡献的负责任的自然之旅。 其次,本文针对居民旅游影响感知研究尺度和衡量标准不一致,居民参与行为的测度无人涉足,对研究方法和评估尺度缺乏信度和效度检验的现象,通过国内外著名旅游专家的访谈和中国典型生态旅游区的实证研究,运用因子分析、项目总体相关分析、可靠性检验、区别有效性检验等统计分析方法,建立了中国居民旅游影响感知和社区参与行为的评估尺度,该尺度包括居民生态旅游正面影响感知3个维度11个题项,居民生态旅游负面影响感知3个维度11个题项和居民参与行为4个维度13个题项。实证检验证明,可用该评估尺度对中国居民生态旅游影响感知和参与行为进行测度。 最后,本文构建了生态旅游社区居民旅游影响感知、态度和参与行为之间的关系模型,通过结构方程分析,获得了5个主要结论。 (1)居民生态旅游正面影响感知对居民生态旅游发展态度和参与行为有显著的正向影响。 (2)居民对生态旅游负面影响的感知对居民生态旅游发展态度没有显著的影响,对居民生态旅游社区参与行为有显著的正向影响。 (3)居民对生态旅游发展的态度对生态旅游社区参与行为有显著的正向影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 The traditional mass tourism pays excessive attention to the economic profit and, to some degree, follows the same old disastrous track of promoting the industrialization "at the cost of environment", resulting in the environmental deterioration at the scenic sites and the loss of tourism benefits. Ecotourism, as a sustainable and responsible tourism form, emphasizes the conservation of the environment, community participation and high quality traveling experience, has attracted people’s attention in the field of tourism and environmental conservation in the world since put forward, and become the main subject of the 20th century international tourism studies. The development of ecotourism has led to extensive impacts on the scenic sites and the communities, the host of which, residents, are the main receiver of the impacts. Paying attention to the residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts and encouraging residents to participate in ecotourism are the effective means to increase the positive and reduce the negative impacts. This paper, with residents in the ecotourism communities as the subject, probes into the interaction between residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts and their participation behaviors, and contributes to the harmonious and all-win development of tourism, communities and residents.The popularity of ecotourism activities has produced myriads of definitions which result in the confusion among academics and industry stakeholders alike. This research aims at solving this confusion with a set of criteria by which ecotourism can be better defined. 40 contemporary definitions of ecotourism are used as samples, all of which were published after 1990. Six criteria are identified as most frequently appeared in the literature, including being nature-based, preservation/conservation, contribution to local community, environmental education, ethics/responsibility and sustainability. To sum up and in concert with the principle ethics of sustainable tourism, ecotourism is defined in this study as a responsible form of nature-based tourism, whereby environmental and cultural education, impact management, and community involvement (control, benefits, and scale) are paramount to the experience. Ecotourism actively contributes to the conservation and preservation of the environment on which it depends.What is more, given the inconsistent study scale and measure criteria about, no study on and unreliability and invalidity of the research methodology of residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts, this paper, through interviews of domestic and foreign experts and case studies of the typical ecotourism sites in China, establishes the assessment scale of Chinese residents’ perceptions on ecotourism impacts and community participation behaviors by means of statistical analyses of factors and corresponding project designs, and theexamination of reliability and validity. According to this assessment scale, there are 3 dimensions and 11 items of residents’ positive and negative perceptions on ecotourism impacts respectively, and 4 dimensions and 13 items of residents’ ecotourism participation behaviors. It is demonstrated that this assessment scale can be used to measure Chinese residents’ perceptions on ecotourism impacts and participation behaviors.At last, this paper develops a relationship model of residents’ perceptions on ecotourism impacts, their attitudes and behaviors. Through the analysis of structure formula, 5 main conclusions are drawn:(1) Residents’ positive perceptions on ecotourism has evident positive impact on their attitudes at ecotourism development and their participation behaviors.(2) Residents’ perceptions of the negative impact have no evident influence on their attitudes at ecotourism development, but have evident positive influence on their ecotourism participation behaviors.(3) Residents’ attitudes towards the development of ecotourism have evident positive impact on ecotourism communities’ participation activities.(4) Residents’ economic perceptions on the positive and negative impacts of ecotourism directly influence their attitudes at and behaviors of ecotourism. The economic influence of ecotourism is the main factor which can enhance residents’ support and participation in ecotourism. Residents’ perceptions on environmental influence have no impacts on their attitudes at ecotourism development and their participation behaviors. In the process of ecotourism development, more and the first attention is paid to its economic influence, followed by the social and cultural influences and the last due is the environment impacts.(5) There are obvious individual differences among the influential perceptions of residents on ecotourism, the attitudes at ecotourism development and residents’ participation, due to the differences of residents’ sex, age, educational degree, income level, living period, distance from the scenic spots and the extent of involvement in tourism activities.更多还原