【作者】 张伟；

【导师】 涂光备；

【作者基本信息】 天津大学 ， 建筑技术科学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 与人工照明相比,天然采光可以节省能源,削减建筑能耗峰值;太阳是一个取之不尽、用之不竭的绿色能源,最大限度的利用天然光不但可以节省照明用电,还减少了环境污染;天然采光可以舒缓神经,舒畅心情,提高工作效率。国内关于天然采光的研究工作大部分是建筑学专业科技人员所做,主要局限于定性分析或美学方面,未与建筑节能相联系。本课题利用简化的天空模型,采用数值模拟计算的方法,就影响天然采光的主要特性参数如窗墙比、窗户设计形式、朝向、遮阳等进行了详细的分析,包括其对室内天然光分布、照明节能、空调能耗和采暖能耗的影响,以及相互之间的关系,实际测试和验证了主要影响因素对天然采光和建筑能耗的影响。本课题进行了以下的研究工作,得到以下主要结论:1分析和计算了窗口采用遮阳设施的时期、方式和遮阳构件的合理尺寸,通过对日照面积系数的分析,根据本文建立的模型,得到天津地区南向窗口合理的遮阳时期为八月上旬(8月5日)全天满窗遮阳,冬至日12时满窗日照;东(西)向窗口适宜的遮阳时期为大暑日(7月23日)9时满窗遮阳,并根据该遮阳日期的设置计算了遮阳构件尺寸。2运用TRNSYS软件对选定的建筑能耗计算模型进行了模拟计算,分析了不同窗系统设计,如窗口朝向、窗墙面积比、窗系统组成形式和遮阳等情况下的采暖空调能耗。结果表明:1)西向窗口空调能耗最大,北向窗口空调能耗最小;北向窗口供暖能耗最大,南向窗口供暖能耗最小,综合供暖能耗和空调能耗南向最小,北向最大;东西向能耗总和大于南北向总和。2)空调能耗随窗墙比的增加而增加,供暖能耗随窗墙比的增加略微下降,但空调和供暖的总能耗是增加的。3)夏季空调能耗随着窗遮阳系数和窗玻璃有效面积的减少而减少,冬季窗的传热量下降比太阳得热量下降的快,所以冬季供暖能耗也是随之减少的。双层木(塑)窗能耗最低4)如果遮阳板尺寸设计合理,可以使夏季空调能耗降低的同时,供暖能耗增加很少,使总能耗降低,南向窗口的节能效果最显著。3参考现有的研究结果建立了一个简单的天空模型,该模型含有了太阳高度、建筑朝向和天空状态等基本信息,根据立体角投影定律即可模拟计算不同时间,不同朝向的天空光在室内产生的照度,分析了相关建筑特性参数如窗墙比、窗台高、窗设计形式、窗户朝向和遮阳等对室内天然光分布的影响。4对天然采光照明控制方式以及减少的建筑能耗进行分析和计算,结果表明:1)调光控制方式比开关控制方式更节能,2)南向窗口天然采光量最大,相应的南向窗口采用调光控制节能也最多,北向窗口照明节能量最少。3)窗墙比越更多还原

【Abstract】 Comparing with lighting, daylighting can save energy and diminish the peak value ofbuilding energy consumption. Solar energy is exhaustless renewable energy, make use ofdaylighting can not only save illuminance energy consumption but also protect environment.Daylighting can make people in a good humor and improve work efficiency. Most domesticstudies on daylighting are only limited to qualitative analysis with the consideration of aestheticseffect, and no detailed and systematical quantitative study on daylight utilization with thecombination of daylighting and building energy consumption. Through a compendious sky model,numerical simulation is used to analyze the key factors affecting daylighting such aswindow-to-wall ratio (WWR), window styles, window orientation and shading device in thisthesis. And the influence of factors on daylighting distribution, lighting savings, cooling energyconsumption and heating energy consumption. Experimental model is made for practical testing tovalidate the result of simulation. More detailed information and conclusions about the thesis is asfollows.Describes the influence of shading devices on solar radiation heat gain ofwindows and analyzes the shading time and date of buildings. By choosing theshading time and date, calculates the right size of shading devices of differentorientation windows and gained the influence of shading devices on summer andwinter heat gain. The fitting shading time and date in Tianjin is: a room with a southaspect-shading in the whole day in the first ten days of August and sunning all the window at 12o’clock on Midwinter;a room with a east aspect-shading at 9 o’clock on Great Heat.A model of certain building is established calculation and analysis of the effect of WWR,shadings, window styles and window orientation on energy consumption of cooling and heating isconducted with the usage of TRNSYS software. The result is: westing windows have the greatestenergy consumption of cooling and northing windows have the least;northing windows have thegreatest energy consumption of heating and southing windows have the least. Energy consumptionsummation of southing windows is the least, northing windows is the greatest. Energyconsumption of north-south envelopment is littler than west-east envelopment. When WWRincreases, cooling energy consumption increases, heating energy consumption decreases and totalenergy consumption increases. With the decrease of shading factor and window’s area, coolingenergy consumption decreases, heating energy consumption increases. If shading sizes aredesigned well, cooling energy decreases and heating energy consumption increases a little, totalenergy consumption decreases especially southing windows.Establishing a simple sky model that includes sun highness, building orientation and skycondition. According to solid angle projection law calculates the indoor illuminance cause bydaylight, analyses the influence of WWR, sill, windows styles and orientation, shading onilluminance distribution.The light saving is calculated in different daylight control style. Dimmer control style is moreefficient than off-on control style. Southing windows can save more energy than northingwindows. If WWR increases, the energy saving is enhances. The effect of shading on eastingwindows is more distinct than southing windows.The validation of the comparability of daylight distribution for building antetype and model ismade in the thesis. Due to the variable sky condition, daylighting factor is used for experimentalvalidation instead of illuminance. The error analysis of several testing methods used in theexperiment is conducted, followed by the experimental validation of the effect of WWR, skycondition, shading and transmittance on daylighting factor distribution. The results show that thesimulation data is credible.The energy consumption combination of daylighting, cooling and heating is calculated andanalyzed. The fitting WWR is attained in different windows style and orientation. Southingwindows: the feasible WWR of single-layer steel window (SS) is 20%, single-layer wood window(SW) is 25%, and double steel (DS) and wood window (DW) is about 40%. Easting windows:when WWR increases, energy consumption of SS and SW increases linearly. The feasible WWRof DS and DW is 25%. Northing windows: when WWR increases, energy consumption increaseslinearly. Instead that in dimmer control style, the fitting WWR of DS and DW is about 20%.Southing windows with shading: the windows with shading devices are more economical onenergy consumption than that without shadings. The feasible WWR of single-layer steel window(SS) is 25%, single-layer wood window (SW) is 30%, and double steel (DS) and wood window(DW) is about 45%. Easting windows with shading: the windows with shading devices are moreconsumptive on energy consumption than that without shadings. When WWR increases, energyconsumption of SS and SW increases linearly. The feasible WWR of DS is 20% and DW is 25%.更多还原