企业资源、战略集团对企业业绩的影响

【作者】 罗辉道；

【导师】 项??；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 企业管理， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 解释企业间盈利能力的差异,或者说为什么不同的企业具有不同的盈利能力,是战略管理所要研究的主要内容之一。对于企业间盈利能力差异的解释,目前在战略管理领域有两种比较流行的观点,分别是行业结构学派和企业资源论。 行业结构学派起源于传统的产业组织经济学。产业组织经济学遵循的是S—C—P范式,即行业结构决定企业的行为,企业的行为再决定企业的业绩。因为产业组织经济学以产业作为研究对象,关注重点在于产业业绩以及产业间业绩的比较,所以,它缺乏对产业内部企业间差异的研究,无法提供关于产业内部企业间业绩差异的有效解释。为了克服产业组织经济学的这个局限,战略管理领域的行业结构学派在继承产业组织经济性的基本范式的基础上,加入了战略集团理论以分析产业内部企业间的业绩差异。 按照波特的定义,战略集团指的是在产业内部执行相同或者相似战略的企业组成的集团。战略集团理论认为,不同的战略集团因为执行不同的战略,它们所面临的竞争环境是不一样的,因此,不同的战略集团应该具有不同的业绩。战略集团之间的移动壁垒保证了不同战略集团之间的业绩差异能够得到持续。战略集团理论将对企业业绩差异的研究延伸到了产业内部,在一定程度上能够解释同一产业内部的企业间业绩差异。但是,目前,对战略集团的实证研究并不完全支持产业内部战略集团之间存在业绩差异的假设。另外,战略集团理论以战略集团为研究单位,缺乏对战略集团内部企业间业绩差异的研究。因此,战略集团与企业业绩的关系还有进一步研究的必要。 企业资源论将企业盈利差异的解释指向企业内部。资源论认为,不同的企业因为具有不同的企业资源,因此,它们所能获得的盈利水平是不一样的。资源论将能给企业带来持续竞争优势的资源的特征或者条件归结为稀缺性、不可模仿性和不可替代等。正是因为企业资源的不可模仿等原因,阻止了资源在不同的企业之间自由流动,从而保证了资源可以给企业带来持续的竞争优势。但是,与战略集团理论一样,资源论也没有完全得到实证研究的支持。另外,因为变量界定的困难等原因,对资源论的实证研究在数量上还比较少,对资源论的研究还主要停留在理论阶段。资源论的研究现状同样说明资源论还需要进一步研究。 针对行业结构学派和企业资源论的研究现状,本论文对三个方面的问题进行了研究。第一,对行业结构学派和资源论的基本假设进行了验证;第二,将对战略集团的研究深入到集团内部,研究集团内部企业间业绩差异;第三,将行业结构学派和企业资源论相结合,研究二者的交互作用对企业业绩的影响。 为了对上面的三个方面的问题进行研究,本论文选择了我国的大中型客车制造行业作为研究对象。在文献综述和对一定数量的客车行业的专家进行访谈的基础上,本论文对我国的大中型客车行业的战略变量和资源变量做了初步界定。本更多还原

【Abstract】 Explaining the variance of profitability among firms, or, why different firms having different performance, is one of main topics that strategic management tries to study. At present, there are two kinds of popular ideas to explain the variance of profitability among firms in the field of strategic management—the school of industry structure and resource-based view.The origin of the school of industry structure is the traditional industrial organization economics. The paradigm followed by the industrial organization economics is S—C —P. Its means is that industry structure determines the conduct of firm, and then the conduct of firm determines the performance of firm. Because the object studied by the industrial organization economics is industry and it emphasizes on industry performances and the performance differences among industries, so, it lacks of studying on the differences among firms and can not effectively explains the variance of performances among firms in the same industry. To overcome the disadvantage of the industrial organization economics, the school of industry structure, which based on the paradigm of the industrial organization economics, takes the theory of strategic groups to analysis the variance of performances among firms in the same industry.As the definition of Porter’s, a strategic group is a set of firms which perform same or similar strategy. The theory of strategic groups thinks that different strategic groups obey different strategies, and then they face different competition environments, so, different strategic groups should have different performances. Because of the moving barriers between strategic groups, the variances of performances among different strategic groups are sustainable. Because strategic groups extend the studying on the variance of firm performance to the inner of industry, it can to some extent explain the variance of performances among firms in the same industry. But, currently, the empirical researches of the strategic groups don’t completely support the hypothesis that there are different performances among strategic groups in the same industry. Moreover, the theory of strategic groups takes strategic groups as the basic unit to study, so, it is lack of the study on the variance of performances among firms in the same strategic groups. Therefore, the relation between strategic groups and performances of firms still needs search further.To explain the variance of performances between firms, resource-based view turns its eyes into the inner of firms. Resource-based view thinks that different firms have different firm resources, so they should have different levels of profitability.Resource-based view concludes the characters or conditions of firm resources to generate sustained competitive advantage to rareness, instability and substitutability, etc... Just because it is difficult for a firm to imitate one another firm’s resources, etc., they keep firms resources from moving freedom between firms, and then they guarantee firms resources to generate sustained competitive advantage for firms having such resources. But, similar to the theory of strategic groups, resource-based view also can not get enough support of empirical researches. Moreover, because it is difficult to define firm resources, etc., there have not many empirical studies on resource-based view, and, the studies on resource-based still mainly stay around the theories. The actual state of the studies on resource-based view also shows we need study resource-based view further.Aiming at the states of the researches on the school of industry structure and resource-based view, this thesis mainly steers the search to three subjects. First, we verify the basic assumption of the school of industry structure and resource-based view. The second, we extend the research on strategic groups to the inner of strategic groups, and study the variances of performances among firms in the same strategic groups. The third, we combine the school of industry structure and resource-based view together, and study whether their interaction can impact on firm performances.To research on the three subjects mentioned above, this paper choices the large and medium-sized bus industry in china to study. Based on the literatures and talking about with some specialists on bus industry, this paper initial defines the strategic and resources variables of the large and medium-sized bus industry in china. This paper concludes the strategic variables of the large and medium-sized bus industry in china to twenty-one variables, such as, product standardization, etc., and concludes firm resources to six variables, respectively: provide finance services to customers, firm scale, employee skills, brand reputation, marketing ability and comprehensive management ability.After the variables are definite, this paper surveyed the firms of the large and medium-sized bus industry in china, and the contents of survey mainly include the strategies choice of firms and their resources conditions in the past several years. Through surveying, this research gets thirty-eight valid samples totally. Based on the strategies choices of firms and Porter’s competition strategy theory, and using the tool of cluster analysis, this paper defines the thirty-eight samples collected through survey into four different strategic groups—respectively: Differentiation strategic groups, focus strategic groups, low-cost strategic groups and stuck in middle strategic groups. As to the variables of firm performances, we choice three performance indexes and data which provide by Chinese Automobile Industry Year Book. The threeperformance indexes are respectively the average amount of profit and tax per employee, ratio of current asset turnover and ratio of per-tax to capital.Founding on the above-mentioned operations, this paper studied the impacts of strategic groups, firm resources and their interaction on firm performances. The results show that there are different performances among strategic groups, and this demonstrates that strategic groups can really impact firm performances. The performance differences are very obvious among firms from the same strategic groups, and this differences can not be explained by the theory of strategic groups, so, it is limited if we study the performance differences only at the level of strategic groups. The impacts of firm resources on firm performances don’t have united conclusion, and the impacts have relation with performance index and special firm resources. Among the six kinds of firm resources, only the interactions between marketing ability and strategic groups have impacts on some performance indexes, and this demonstrates that the impacts of interactions between firm resources and strategic groups on firm performances are not very significance.As a whole, the impact of strategic groups, firm resources and their interactions on firm performances is a field that need be studied further. In the future, we can extend such study to other industries, and so we can compare the conclusions obtained from different industries. We can also join the factor of time in the study to research the dynamics impact of strategic groups, firm resources and their interactions on firm performances, etc...更多还原