中国农业经济发展的路径研究

【作者】 邱风；

【导师】 杨公朴；

【作者基本信息】 上海财经大学 ， 产业经济学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 社会的发展主要依靠两个因素,一个是技术进步,一个是制度创新。技术的进步有其内在的客观规律,我们只有尽可能地不阻碍技术的进步,为技术的进步创造有利的条件。从这个意义上说,社会进步的最主要决定因素是社会制度,尤其是经济制度影响着人们的经济关系,也决定了人们的行为方式。我国农业经济在中华人民共和国建国以来的发展曲曲折折,农村人民生活也随着农业经济的波折而起伏。这种波折与起伏的主要原因不是自然因素,除一部分国际政治、经济、军事的影响外,农业经济的波折主要来自制度因素,制度的变迁造成了农业的波动,制度的缺陷带来了农业的低效率。因此,要使农业经济走出增长的低谷,就必须在制度上寻找突破口,并在技术层面上积极探寻农业资源优化配置的路径。经济制度的优劣标准之一是在经济平等与经济效率之间找到恰当的平衡点,而我国20世纪50 年代中期在处理平等与效率的关系上出现了问题,即完全强调平等而忽视了效率。在农村的表现就是“平均地权”,集体经营,均等化分配,使得激励机制失效,导致了农村经济的低效率,这种低效率一直持续到70 年代末,家庭联产承包责任制的推广才彻底改变了这种低效率的局面。与农业低效率相伴而生的是歧视性的经济制度,通过城乡隔离的户籍制度将农民牢牢地束缚在土地上,并通过工农业产品价格剪刀差等形式实行向城市与工业倾斜的经济政策,人为形成二元经济体系。同时限制农村的商品自由流通,“投机倒把”的罪名使农村本就不发达的商品流通几乎窒息。关于我国农业经济发展的研究多从某一特定的角度或某一具体问题出发,探讨有关经济政策的某些缺陷与不足,并提出改进意见。对这些研究进行归纳总结可以得出一个重要的结论:经济制度(尤其是歧视性的经济政策)是影响农业经济增长的最直接原因。因此,首先要改进与农业有关的经济制度,然后再从技术层面上寻求我国农业经济增长与发展的措施。根据以上思路,本文从制度与技术两个层面上展开研究,探索我国农业经济发展的合理路径,形成作者较为系统且有一定创新的观点。文章以前言开篇,阐述写作构思与研究界限,并对此作出解释。在此基础上,展开论文的写作框架与内在逻辑结构,将论文对农业制度与技术两个方面的研究有机地整合在一起,寻找我国农业经济发展的推动力。第一章对新中国的农业历程做一简要回顾,对农业经济的波动与低效率给出制度性解释,特别是对农业饥荒的解释。本章并不完全局限于农业制度本身,而是进行了更深入的研究,即当时农业体制的设计偏离了人类行为的基本轨迹,才导致1960 年前后的饥荒与饥荒以后农业生产的低效率。从我国农业制度的历史中,我们可以得出非常重要的启示(更是本章的创新之处):任何社会制度的构架都不能偏离人类本性,不能偏离人类行为的基本模式。管理社会的根本出发点是抑制人性的弱点,如此,人性的光辉才能闪耀,普照寰宇,教化万方。改革开放以后,中国农业经过了一段强劲的增长,但没有从根本上扭转歧视性的经济政策,国家对农业投入还不够,农业制度还有待改进。随着时间的推移,农业经济又暴露出一系列的问题。第一章的后半部分对我国农业经济存在的问题逐一阐明,这些问题包括:农产品产量、农业增加值与农民收入增长趋缓;农业物质基础虽然得到了很大程度的改善,但由更多还原

【Abstract】 Social development depends on two main factors, one is the progress of technology, the other is the innovation of institution. There is inner objective law about the progress of institution. What we can do is not hindering the progress of technology, and creating some favorite conditions for the progress of institution. From this meaning, the main factor of social progress is institution, especially economic institution, which affects the relationship of the people, and the behavior way of human beings. The developing road of agricultural economy in our country was very tortuous after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The level of rural life undulated with the rising and falling of agricultural economy. Apart from some factors in international politics, economy and military affairs, the rising and falling of agricultural economy caused by institution. The changing of institution caused the popple of agriculture, the shortcomings of institution brought about low efficiency of agriculture. Hence, We have to seek an institutional breakthrough so as to walk out the deep valley of the growth of agricultural economy, and actively search for the way of allocating agricultural resources in technical layer. Whether we can find a balance point between equity and efficiency is one of the criteria (better or worse) to judge an economic institution. We made a blunder to handle the relation between equity and efficiency in fifties of 20th century. The government emphasized equity and neglect efficiency. Average land ownership, collective management, and average distribution lead to low efficiency of agricultural economy because of the invalidation of the encouraging mechanism. This state continued to days of extending of the household production responsibility system. There was discrimination in our economic institution accompanied with the low efficiency of agricultural economy. The government tied peasants in land by the system of household register, which insulates town and countryside, and carried out economic policy which favorites town and industry by some form, such as price scissors between industrial products and agricultural products. So,artificially formed dualistic economic system. Meanwhile, the government restrained free circulation of commodities in rural areas, accusation of “play the market”almost suffocated the circulation of commodities, which was undeveloped in countryside in that period. Most of researches about the development of agricultural economy analyze a specific problem or study from a special point of view, discuss some defects of relative economic policies, and set forth improving opinion. When we summarize these researches, we can get an important conclusion: The economic institution, especially discriminative policy, is the most direct cause to impede the growth of agricultural economy. Therefore, firstly, we have to improve the economic institution related to agriculture, then look for measures of accelerating the growth of agricultural economy. According to the above-mentioned idea, the thesis will study in two layers of institution and technique, and explore the reasonable way of development of agricultural economy in our country, which form systematic and new opinion of the author. The thesis starts from the preface that elaborates writing conceive and studying bounds, and gives some relative explanation. In the preface, I spread out the writing frame and inner logical structure, organically conform the two layers of agricultural institution and technique, search for the impetus of the development of agricultural economy. Chapter 1 briefly looks back the agricultural course of new China, gives institutional explanation about undulation of agricultural economy, especially agricultural famine. This chapter is not confined in the agricultural institution itself, but carries out research in depth. The designation of agricultural institution in that time deviated the basic way of behavior of human beings, which lead to the famine round about sixties in 20th century and low efficiency after famine. We can get more important enlightenment (that is the new view of the thesis): the most fundamental starting point is to restrain the weakness of human nature. If we do so, the brilliance of human nature will flare, and illuminate the whole world, educate all places. Chinese agriculture grew fast in a period of time since China was opened to the outside of the world, but the government has not changed discrimination of economic policy fundamentally. The governmental investment in agriculture is not enough. Agricultural institution must be improved. Along with elapsing of time,a series of problems still exist. Chapter 1 clarifies problems of agricultural economy of our country. These problems include: the growing speed of agricultural products, agricultural GDP, and income of peasants now is becoming slow; material foundation of agriculture is unsubstantial; there are lot of surplus labor force in agriculture; the adjustment of agricultural structure is confronted with tremendous pressure; the agricultural environment is degenerating. The history is a mirror. The actual problems propel us to go forward. From chapter 2 to chapter 5, I probe into the institution of agricultural economy and seek method to improve it. Chapter 2 studies the discrimination of economic policy to agriculture. With regard to town and countryside, non-agricultural population and agricultural population, the discrimination includes two aspects: status discrimination and exploitation of agriculture in the process of industrialization in our country. Both deviates the impartial rule. If there would be no impartiality, there would be no efficiency. Impartiality is not equal to equity, equity dose not mean impartiality. The thesis deeply studies impartiality, efficiency and their relationship, which is the creation of the thesis. According to my own understanding to impartiality, efficiency and their relationship, I bring forward the concrete measures to speed up the reform of economic institution, advance economic partiality, and economic efficiency. Among this chapter, I get my own judgment to the stage of industrialization process of our country in this time by international comparison. The period of discrimination to agricultural policy was so long that the peasants’burden has been very heavy. A few decades passed after the foundation of new China, most of peasants havesolved so-called “wen bao”problem by efforts. Governmental organizations of village and town have been becoming larger and larger, peasants’burden has been becoming more and more heavy for keeping routine work of the government with the reform and opening to outside of the world was deeper and deeper after eighties of 20th. Corruptive behavior of some official clerks maybe an important factor, too. The government carried out a series of reform experiment of tax and fee of the countryside in order to change the situation at present. There was active effect in these experiments, and brought some problems because of shortage of sufficient theoretical preparation. I’ll discuss the reform of tax and fee of the countryside in chapter 3 in which forms my own opinion. I summarize the social background of the reform, and conduct demonstration to the peasants’burden. Creation of this chapter is: the theoretical summary to the social background of the reform; finding the theoretical defect of the reform; and the systematic exploration of ways to reform the system of tax and fee in the countryside. The destination of the reform of tax and fee in the countryside is to lighten peasants’burden, and standardize imposition of tax and fee. But the reform of tax and fee can’t resolve the poverty problem. Anti-poverty is necessary. Chapter 4 will study the problem of anti-poverty and investment to agriculture, peasants. The target of anti-poverty is to guarantee the need of life of the absolute poor population. In order to push the rural economy to a new height, investment to agriculture and peasants is necessary, which is the important method to change the discrimination of economic policy. On the basis of defining poverty, I estimate the poverty state of our country, elaborate the relationship between income inequality and poverty, point out the flaw of operating system of anti-poverty of our country, explore the ways of anti-poverty. In aspect of investing to agriculture and peasants, I analyze the scale of supporting agriculture of the public finance, including absolute scale and relative scale, and carry out an international comparison. The investment of manpower capital must concentrate in the primary education in rural areas, combine educational assist and cultural assist. The creation of this chapter: the objective estimation about the poverty state of our country, pointing the error of the governmental estimation, summarizing the poverty type of our country, differentiating the investment of regional anti-poverty from poverty assist to the absolute population. As to regional ecological poverty, it is important to improve the traditional agriculture, not to develop industry blindly. The benefit of education investment must calculate from the angle of long social and economic function, not short economic function. The important aspect of agricultural institution is the agricultural land system, which is related to scale economy. Chapter 5 will discuss the scale economy and the agricultural land system of our country, forming my own opinion. I sum up scale economy theory, introducing the theory of scale economy of Marxism and its criticism to the mode of smallholder economy, and some conclusion of western scholars about the agricultural scale economy. I carry out demonstration to the agricultural scale economy. The United State of America and Japan are the best case because the ratio of population to land of the both is remarkable different. I elaborate the changing trend ofmanaging scale of agricultural land. Studying from the angle of the relation between efficiency of the scale managing of agricultural land and income per capita, I point out that wide and more data is necessary to get some conclusions about scale management of agriculture. Combining the theory and demonstration research, I get my own view about the scale management of agricultural land, and point some irrational even corruptive behavior in the process in the practice of scale management of agricultural land all over the country. From the history of agricultural land institution, we can get enlightenment that establishes the theoretical basis for exploration of the relation between scale management and agricultural land institution. This chapter simply looks back the history of land institution of our country, in which we can find the contradiction of the land institution. In the period of collectivization, there are serious problems of the institution of agricultural land, such as low efficiency and economic externality, which is the important cause leading to develop slowly in rural areas. The household agricultural farming system is an effective improvement to the collective ownership of land in which the land belongs to a collectivity and collective members farm jointly, but there is limitations. In this chapter, I discuss the character of the ownership of agricultural land, and the right of contracting and managing agricultural land in detail, seek the agricultural land institution that fits for the scale management of agricultural land, and set forth a theoretical way to confirm the reasonable bounds of the scale management of agricultural land. The new meaning of this chapter: The institution of agricultural land is one of the dynamics to drive one feudal dynasty to replace another. Whether everybody occupies equal land is the indicator of social stabilization. The conclusion from a specific research of scale management is not sure to be generality, and the contradiction between the household agricultural farming system and getting scale efficiency is existent. Free flow of land is the basis of getting scale efficiency. For the sake of social equity, the government has to confine the quantity of land belong to individual or household. The assistant measure of this limitation is the governmental effective regulation of land occupying. On the basis of the research of the agricultural institution of our country, starting from chapter 6, I study problems of the development of agricultural economy of our country on the layer of technique. Not same as that of 20th century, Chinese agricultural structure adjustment, cultivation of competitive power and research of trade strategy of agricultural products, and the like, must be carried out under the rule of WTO and the environment of globalization of economy. We confront a serious topic, which is food safety of our country. Chapter 6 will discuss the problem of food safety. I’ll forecast the possibility of food crisis of the world, especially the economic and political risk of imputing food. In the problem to assure the safety of Chinese food, I think that solving the short of water resource is the most important. Meanwhile the prediction system of food safety must be built. Chapter 7 will study the problem of adjustment of agricultural structure under WTO rules. Starting with the general law of evolution of agricultural and rural economy, I simply describe theagricultural structure of China before the reform and opening to the outside of the world, elaborate the changing trend and the cause of agricultural structure after the reform and opening to outside of the world, point out confronting problems of adjustment of agricultural structure. Consulting the relative theory of adjustment of agricultural structure, I study the competitive power of Chinese agricultural products and the direction of adjustment of agricultural structure, set forth the measures to adjust the agricultural structure according to the comparative advantage of our country. The government must offer necessary support to the adjustment of agricultural structure. The farmhouse should be the main body of adjustment of agricultural structure. It is almost the convention that the government provides protection for the trade of agricultural products due to the natural weakness of agriculture. The government can offer protection for the trade of agricultural products although China has joined WTO. Chapter 8 will study the agriculture protection and the trade countermeatures of agricultural products of our country under the rule of WTO. I introduce the international experiences and relative views about agricultural protection, especially the way of agriculture in Holland. I objectively describe the trade situation and trend of agricultural products of China, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of our joining WTO, and bring forward measures to protect the trade of agricultural products. With some characteristics in the trade of agricultural products of China, we must rapidly change the negative state of protection to agriculture and utilize the rules of WTO fully and reasonably. In recent years, the academic circle paid more and more attention to the problem of agricultural environment,and the government strengthened working on agricultural environment. But the effect was not satisfying. The cause came from not only the layer of technique but also institution. In the last chapter of the thesis, I set forth my own opinion about the problem of agricultural environment. I analyze the cause leading to the crisis of agricultural environment, and keep gingerly optimism about whether human beings can walk up the sustainable way. I study the sustainable agriculture deeply and put forward an integrated index system of sustainable agriculture in this chapter. Innovation includes: Human beings have plunged in the mire of the sustainable development; whether we can go out of the mire is not affirmative; theoretical difficulty and actual competition hamper us to go to the royal road of the sustainable development. There is no basic mode for us to design the index system of sustainable agriculture, and subjectivism or unbending is in existing index system. We can’t find a criterion to judge an index. The criterion is relative. The index system of sustainable agriculture that fits for typical agricultural region is an integrated system. There are some innovations in the index system although it is not very perfect.更多还原