【作者】 张秀敏；

【导师】 叶子荣；

【作者基本信息】 西南交通大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 近年来国家逐步放宽对于铁路客票折扣销售的限制,铁路运营部门也开始进行相关的尝试,但实际运作效果并不理想。铁路客票的折扣决策缺乏先进科学的管理方法,主要依靠行业内部的主观经验判断:单一比例的折扣票价无法适应客观经济条件的变化,反映价值规律;票价折扣幅度并且始终没有和席位的使用状况挂钩,造成列车的虚糜仍然不同程度存在;铁路折扣客票所采取的对应售票方式不够灵活,实施手段落后等等,都是其中重要的原因。 为寻求铁路客票折扣销售的理论依据和科学的管理方法,充分、合理利用铁路客票折扣销售政策,将市场机制真正引入铁路客运领域,论文提出在我国铁路客运领域运用国外航运业的收益管理方法,并探讨其中的差别定价和存量控制两个方面。 价格管理方面,为解决动态定价中折扣数据的理论依据问题,基于单区段的最大凹向包络定理,通过界定一系列概念和转换过程,将复杂的网络运输问题转化为单区段问题。以此为出发点,将最大凹向包络定理拓展为适用于网络运输的票价管理。进而在考虑各个区段价格、需求以及对整个网络的影响因素基础上,针对多级离散价格,讨论和证明区段价格组合性质的变化,给出一种从给定价格集合中选择最优价格组合的新算法。通过算例探讨如何从给定价格集合中选出有效的价格组合,验证将其拓展后的网络运输领域最大包络理论的正确性,同时连带考虑实际应用中的情况,解决各运行区段各级最优折扣票价如何产生的问题。 存量控制方面,论文在单区段的EMSR方法和网络运输的投标价格法的基础上,针对铁路客运的特点,沿用投标价格法中的影子价格的概念,通过界定始区段、隐藏价格等概念,提出并证明价值分解——价格转化理论,将复杂网络运输优化问题转换为单区段多级票价优化问题。然后结合传统的EMSR动态控制方法,对各区段座位实行嵌套结构管理模式,合理限制各起始点各级别客票的订座数量,使铁路客运在网络运输中的整体收益进一步提高。 由于航空与铁路运输工具自身的特点以及行业不同的管理方式,列车客票和飞机机票的价值实现方式还存在着一些差别。飞机一旦起飞,未出售的更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years our government has gradually relaxed the restrictions about discount sale of railway passenger ticket, and some railway service departments have already been engaged in correlative attempts. But their practical effects were not satisfactory. It is hold that there is some crucial causation for these phenomena. Advanced administration measures are absent in this discount decision-making experience, and sale judgments mainly depend on individual subjective knowledge. The fixed single discount scale is not accommodated with rapid diversification of objective economy conditions, and that can not reflect the law of value. On the other side, the discount scale is kept independent with the seat utilization, from which has resulted in the seat emptiness to some extend. Furthermore the sale pattern is not adequately flexible, and its implement means are still backward in technique.To provide theory basis and scientific management technique for discount sale of railway passenger ticket, make full use of discount sale policy rationally, and truly introduce market mechanism into our country railway passenger transportation, experience of airline revenue management that is practically mature in national aviation has been used for reference. Two major aspects of discrimination price and inventory control are investigated.To offer theory proof for dynamic pricing data, first of all the maximum concave envelope theory appropriate for single-leg is led into price management. Then through a series of conception definitions and conversion process, a rather complicated network transportation problem is transformed into a single-leg problem. The intrinsic concave envelope theory that adapts for the homogeneity products is sequentially developed to the field of network transportation. Moreover in allusion to the multilevel separated prices, the whole network all-level fare effect of each leg comprehensively taken into consideration, some peculiar property variations of leg-price combination in network transportation are discussed and demonstrated. A new algorithm for its optimal fare combinationis accordingly introduced into this area. Tested by a numerical example, the measure how to select a valid price-combination subset from given price sets are demonstrated, and correctness of the developed maximum concave envelope theory for network transportation gets verified. On the other hand, complexion of practical application is also well-considered. Consequently theory basis for fare generation of each level in dynamic pricing gets provided.In seat inventory control, bid price method can’t limit low fare booking, and EMSR method is just applied to sing-leg condition. Each method has its superiority and limitations, and some distinct differences between civil aviation and railway passenger transportation exist objectively. Based on a series of definitions, such as the best probability factor, recondite price and etc, the Value Decomposed and Price Transformed theory is put forward. Thus network control can be transformed into single-leg control. Then with traditional EMSR method combined, nesting structure administration mode is practiced for each leg’s seats. When the order amounts of each origination-destination level fare are restricted reasonablely, the total network revenue of railway passenger transportation will receive further improvement.Remarkably, avigation and railway has dissimilar transportation character and industry management method, which lead to prominent discrimination in their implementation model of seat value. Once plane take off, its unsold seats will never get distribution any more. The value of its idle seats will drop to zero promotly. So that even the discount ticket must be sold out before the plane takes off. However when trains leave station, numerous unsold seats are still possible to be sold alone the line; their values still have the possibility to be realized. For train has disparate probability to realize the value of its unused seats, conception of Gradually-Vanishing Asset (GVA) is put forward. Typically, railway seats belong to the second kind of GVA. Therefore a new essential discretional pricing principle that the demand should get close to the production capability is brought forward. The trains’ unused sleeping berth taken as the foothold, it is advanced that on the train tickets should be sold in motion after the normal time station by station. The correlative theoretical source is complemented. Contrasted with the actual effect of the ordinary price-fixed method, changes of revenue, consumerremnant and society welfare are analyzed separately. Associated with the present railway ticket-presell system and motional ticket-sold style after the normal time, malpractices of handiwork-sold mode at the station are analyzed. It is suggested that on the train discount tickets should be sold dynamically after the normal time in motion, and implementing project details are proposed simultaneously.更多还原