【作者】 卜祥智；

【导师】 黄庆；

【作者基本信息】 西南交通大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 伴随着集装箱运输业的迅猛发展和市场竞争的不断加剧,有关集装箱运输流转系统的优化已成为集装箱运输企业和相关组织关注的一大热点,而其中核心问题之一就是有关不确定环境下集装箱舱位的分配问题。传统的舱位分配问题是以提高承载率为目标的,而在目前市场竞争激烈、运价已降到很低的情况下,单纯提高承载率并不能达到增加利润的预期效果,企业应该改变以削减成本为目标的传统运营模式,应用收益管理的理念,进行基于市场细分的舱位分配以承载边际贡献率较大的货物,从而达到规避运价波动风险提高收益的目标。收益管理已在民航业应用多年并取得了显著的效益,其主要是采用能力分配和定价的手段来获取公司的最大收益。相对于民航业,目前集装箱班轮运输业还较少采用收益管理的相关思想和方法来开展业务,有关研究也不多见。 与民航业类似,集装箱班轮运输业也属于典型的服务业,具有应用收益管理的一些典型特点,如运输能力相对固定而且不可存储,但可以预销售;固定成本高而边际销售成本较低;需求可以分类,但波动性较大;市场竞争激烈等等。因而收益管理在集装箱班轮运输业也具有广阔的应用前景。然而,由于集装箱班轮运输业的不同特征,在航空客运业成功应用的收益管理方法不能完全照搬过来应用到货运业中。论文基于对集装箱班轮收益管理特征的详细分析,建立了集装箱班轮运输业收益管理的概念模型,并运用随机规划和动态规划的方法建立一系列的数学模型着重对其中的舱位分配问题进行分析。为了使决策者在合理的时间内得到满意的解决方案,本论文采用了机会约束规划和稳健优化方法对模型求解,此外,对一些参数进行评估和分析以便于决策者能确定适合其公司的恰当的收益管理策略。 由于贸易发展的不平衡和集装箱的可再用性特征,使得集装箱空箱的再分配问题成为集装箱班轮收益管理必须要面对的独特问题。针对此问题,论文分别建立了考虑与不考虑空箱调运的集装箱舱位分配随机规划模型,应用稳健优化方法将模型转化为便于求解的线性整数规划模型,并通过数值仿真更多还原

【Abstract】 With the fast development of container shipping industry and the increasing intensity of competitive market, the optimization of container transportation flow system has become a hotspot that arouses great concern from the container transportation companies and interrelated organizations. One of the key problems is the container slot allocation under uncertainty. Traditionally the slot allocation aimed at lifting loading rate of the ships. But facing the current fierce competition and much lower freight rate, the liner shipping companies cannot raise profit by lifting loading rate separately. Dramatic changes are required in operational practices of cost reduction. Instead companies are supposed to use revenue management (RM) method and allocate slot to the cargos with higher marginal contribution based on market subdivision so as to avoid the fluctuant risk of freight rate and lift the profit RM can be defined as the integration management of inventory and price to maximize a company’s profitability, which has been proved effective in the airline industry for many years. Compared with the airline industry, RM practice now has not been widely used in the container liner shipping industry, and the RM studies are relatively few.Similar to airline industry, as a typical service industry, container liner shipping industry also has the characteristics for the application of RM, such as relatively fixed and perishable capacity, advance booking, high fixed costs and lower marginal costs, stochastic but segmentable demand, fiercely competitive market and so on. Therefore RM also has considerable applicative promising in the liner shipping industry. However due to the difference between airline industry and container shipping industry, the RM methods successfully applied in the airline passenger industry can’t be copied to cargo industry directly. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of container liner shipping RM, a liner shipping RM concept model is developed accordingly in the thesis. A series of mathematical models are established by stochastic and dynamic programming methods for the further analysis of the container slot allocation. The chance constrained-programming and robust optimization methods are introduced to solve the models to get satisfactory results in reasonable computation time. In addition, some of the parameters are evaluated and analyzed to get the right revenue management policy.Trade imbalances and the reusable characteristic of containers have made reposition of empty containers a special problem in container liner shipping RM. Therefore, two stochastic programming models are developed on capacity allocation, one with empty containers transportation involved and the other without. They aretransformed to linear integer programming models by the method of robust optimization. The thesis compares the results under two conditions by digital simulation, which shows the applicative value of these models and methods in solving the container imbalance problem faced by liner shipping companies under uncertainty.Then the thesis studies the group demand problem in liner shipping container slot allocation. There are at least two types of group demand in container liner shipping industry: one is batch demand which has large demand quantity but little bargaining power for discounts; the other is contract demand which has long-term contract with the carrier long before the sales season and strong bargaining power, so it can usually get discount freight rate. As to the first type of group demand, a dynamic and stochastic programming model is established. Based on the analysis of the characteristic of the model, the dynamic booking control policies are put forward based on threshold value without batch demand involved. When considering batch demand, the invalidate conditions of the threshold control policy are analyzed by digital simulations. As to the study on contact demand, firstly, based on the newsboy model simulation method, the optimization condition of the model and the optimization slot allocation policy is achieved under single-product single-leg state. Then the chance-constrained programming method is introduced to transform the multi-product multi-leg model into an integer programming model that can be solved directly. Finally, the optimization slot allocation policy is achieved by digital simulation, which showed the advantages for the company of using long-term contract.Different from passenger transportation demand, cargo demand generally is service-bound, and shippers have less concern about the container transportation route. Therefore, under circumstance of complex transport network and demand uncertainty, it is an important task for liner companies to allocate their limited container slots in multiple lines effectively, and select the right path for the transportation of the demand between port pairs. Based on the study of the pre-chapters, considering multiple sea routes and container transportation route choice, a stochastic programming model is proposed on the container slot allocation. The robust optimization method is introduced to solve the model. Finally, some of the parameters are analyzed through sensitivity analysis by case study, which shows the model and method effectively direct the liner shipping companies in the slot allocation decision and consequently lift the loading rate and the revenue level of the company.更多还原