现代化与中国大城市外来人口管理研究

【作者】 邱国盛；

【导师】 忻平；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 工业革命以来,城市化浪潮席卷全球。自19世纪40年代开埠以后,上海的城市化进程也明显加快。随着外来人口的不断增加,有关外来人口的管理问题开始成为近代上海城市管理的重要内容。虽然早在解放前夕上海市便已发展成为中国最大的城市,但是1949年以后的上海城市化进程并没有因政权的更迭而中断。改革开放以后,随着改革开放的全面深入,上海市的城市化开始进入新一轮的加速时期,外来人口的管理问题更引起政府与学术界的高度关注,上海市的外来人口管理随之而进入了新的历史阶段。 城市化进程的持续推进是近代以来上海市外来人口不断增加的主要原因。但是,不同历史时期的上海外来人口却有着较大的区别。从类型上看,以殖民者的身份来到中国的外国人成为近代上海外来人口的独特群体,而国内因天灾人祸而逃亡至上海者又成为近代上海外来人口的重要组成部分。解放以后,除建国初期的灾难民外,受户籍制度的影响,以招工、招干名义进入上海的外来人口日益减少。而所谓倒流人口、“盲流”以及因探亲访友而短暂进入上海者成为外来人口的重要组成部分。改革开放以来,因经济原因而进入上海者成为上海市外来人口构成的主体部分。上海市不同时期外来人口在类型上的差异也使上海市的外来人口管理在各历史阶段都呈现出较为突出的时代特征。 管理机构的建立与更新是上海推进外来人口管理的基本前提。近代上海除了租界地区由西方殖民者建立起不由中国政府管辖的工部局、工董局等管理机构,并引入了西方的近代管理模式和管理方法而外,在传统地方行政机构难以承担起管理责任的前提下,20世纪初期上海市华界也启动了管理机构的现代化更新过程。有基于此,上海市的外来人口管理在20世纪20～30年代已颇具成效。但是受管理体制及管理思路的影响,直至抗战以后,上海市的外来人口管理才在制度订立、机构设置方面获得进一步的发展。因此,在政府管理功能不足的情况下,以同乡会为代表的社会中间组织以其介于官方与民间的特殊位置而在近代上海的外来人口管理中发挥了重要的组织、指挥、控制和协调的作用。 新中国成立以后,随着强势政府的建立,不仅上海市政府管理机构的权力得到空前的强化,而且由单位和居委会共同构成的基层控制体系更使城市实现了全面的组织化。由单位执行的支配、依附管理与由居委会执行的监督、控制管理成为新时期上海城市管理不同类型外来人口的基本运作模式。与此同时,强国家一弱社会的形成也使社会中间组织逐渐失去了其在外来人口管理中的作用,随之而退出了历史的舞台。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urbanization became the trend of the world since Industrial Revolution. When Shanghai was open to the world in 1940s, the city began its urbanization too. With the increase of nonnative population, the management of nonnative population became the important part of modern Shanghai’s municipal management. Though the city had become the maximal city of China before 1949, its urbanization did not stop. With the incessant advance of Reform and Open to the World, Shanghai’s urbanization began its new acceleratory time and the problem about the management of nonnative population aroused the high attention of government and academia.The incessant advance of urbanization is the key factor of the continual augment of Shanghai’s nonnative population. However, the nonnative population of Shanghai in different time was quite diverse. The foreigner as colonist were special crowd of modern Shanghai’ nonnative population, the displaced person form other regions were the most important part of modern Shanghai’ nonnative population. After liberation, the nonnative population who came to Shanghai as labor or cadre got less and less under the influence of household registration system, the so called refluent population, "blindly floating population" and those came to Shanghai temporarily because of personal reasons became the most important part of the city’s nonnative population at this time. However, those came to Shanghai for economic interest became the main part of Shanghai’s nonnative population since 1978. The different characters of nonnative population determined the time characters of Shanghai’s management of nonnative population.The found and renovation of administrant institution was the basic precondition of Shanghai’s management of nonnative population. Since the traditional local administrant institution couldn’t turn their hand to modern municipal management, when the foreigners erected their own administrant institutions in concessions and introduced modern administrant pattern into Shanghai, Shanghai’s Chinese began their modern renovation of administrant institution since the initial of 20th century. Since the nonnative population management wasn’t thought much, till 1946, Shanghai’s nonnative population management began to walk on the right path. Under the environment of government absence, the non-government organizations of modern Shanghai such as Countrymen organization played important role in the City’s nonnative population management.The establishment of People’s Republic of China and the new government’s mighty character not only made Shanghai’s municipal institutions intensified greatly since 1949, but made the working unit system and residential committee system the city’s basic control systems. The working unit’s domination-appendix management and the residential committee’s surveillance-control management became the basic style of Shanghai’s nonnative population management in this time. On the other hand, the formation of the structure of strong-nation and weak-society made the non-government organization lost their existent interspaces and dissolved gradually.The establishment and consummation of management system was an important character of contemporary Shanghai’s nonnative population management. The national stratagem of heavy industry develop preferential conduced the come on ofhousehold registration system to restrict people’s free move. Correlative system of household registration system including labor system and foodstuff accommodation system,etc. The establishment and consummation of management institution and system made the nonnative population of Shanghai got strict institutional management, only a small quantity of refluent population could dissociated out of basic system.The Reform and Open to the World since 1978 made more and more nonnative people came to Shanghai from all over the country just for working, the city’s traditional close, static .management style was challenged acutely. Thus, Shanghai’s nonnative population management experienced both adaptive modulation and structural reform since 1978. Till new century, Shanghai’s nonnative population management has already presented many new era characters. The feebleness of immigration restriction, the standardization of nonnative people salvation, the freedom of labor employment and the strengthening of peace management made the city’s nonnative population began to assort with socialistic market economy.However, the over aggrandizement of government management and the ossification of household registration system makes present Shanghai’s nonnative population management still faces many systematic inconsistency and structural problem. How to deepen Shanghai’s nonnative population management reform becomes an exigent problem. Therefore, the writer brings forward personal opinion and advice just for reference.更多还原