【作者】 范亚东；

【导师】 梁学庆；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 如何有效地保护土地资源,遏制土地资源的破坏趋势,这几乎是世界所有国家和地区当局的思考。俄罗斯联邦在国家政治经济发生变革的过程中,不断地加强了土地资源保护立法,形成了一整套土地资源保护法律制度。深入研究比较,对我国的相关立法会有所启示和帮助。本文的研究目的是在全面总结分别介绍中国、俄罗斯两国现代土地资源保护立法主要内容和经验展示两国现代土地资源保护立法进程的基础上,着重对彼此的差异和特点,进行系统地分析评述,并结合有关立法在实践中的效果和问题,从坚持可持续发展战略的高度,提出学术见解和改进建议,以此探寻全面构建具有中国特色的新社会主义土地资源保护法律体系的新思维和新构想,填补我国在这一研究领域的空白。本文研究的基本内容包括本文共分10 部分: 第1 部分是引言,主要介绍了研究背景、研究目的和意义、研究对象和范围、研究方法和思路、研究创新与难点。第2 部分概述,主要对本文研究内容涉及的一些基本概念、基本理论。第3 部分从中俄两国现代土地资源保护立法发展历史出发,分别介绍了两国现代土地资源保护立法的基本情况。第4 部分介绍了中俄两国立法中确立的土地资源保护的基本原则,对各自的立法特征进行了分析评价。第5 部分介绍了中俄两国中土地资源保护的立法中,形成的立法体系、法律体系,对各自的特征进行了分析评价。第6 部分介绍了中俄两国立法中形成的土地资源保护的基本内容,对各自的立法特征进行了分析评价。第7 部分介绍了中俄两国立法中确立的土地资源保护的体制,对各自的立法特征进行了分析评价。第8 部分介绍了中俄两国立法中确立的土地资源保护的监督和法律责任体系,对各自的立法特征进行了分析评价。第9 部分是研究中俄两国土地资源保护立法趋势和历史借鉴。第10 部分结论。本文研究的方法主要有比较法: 所谓比较法,在国外比较法学家中有不同的理解,如英国法学家沃森认为它是一种法制史和法理学的研究。德国比较法学家格罗斯费尔德则认为比较法是一种文化。中国比较法学家沈宗灵认为,简单地说,比较法是对不同国家(或特定地区)的法律制度的比较研究。主要采用了宏观比较与微观比较、功能比较与概念比较、静态比较与动态比较三种比较方法。宏观比较,是指不同社会制度法律作为一个整体的比较,即指对中俄两国不同政治、经济和社会制度下实现土地资源保护立法的整体评价和比较。微观比较是指不同法律概念、规则、制度以至部门法的比较,即指对中俄两国土地资源保护立法的历史发展、基本原则、主要内容、法律体系、法律监督、发展趋势等进行具体的评价和比较。功能比较是指“要从不同法律的差别中发现不同解决问题的手段”(沈宗灵,2003),即指对中俄两国土地资源保护立法中“不同解决问题的手段”进行比较研究,从而提出立法借鉴。概念比较是指规范比较或者立法比较,即指对中俄两国土地资源保护立法中基本概念、立法结构、立法规范等进行比较研究,以进一步了解两国各自的土地资源保护法律制度。静态比较,是指对一般特定时间、特定法律条文、法律内容的比较,即指对中俄两国土地资源保护立法中具体的法律条文、法律内容的差异进行的比较。动态比较是指对上述法律的产生、发展、实施、作用等问题的比较,即指对中俄两国土地资源保护立法的历史背景、更多还原

【Abstract】 That how to protect land resource effectively and keep destroy land resource within limits is considered by nearly all the counties and regions of the world. Russia federation strengthened legislation of land resource protection ceaselessly and formed a copy of land resource protection codes system in the course of transformation of polity and economic campaign. To study and compare it thoroughly will give us some help and revelation for Chinese correlative legislation. The objective of the research is to analyze and comment the differences and characteristics of China and Russia land resource protection legislation by the numbers on the basic of summarizing completely and introducing respectively the content, experience and process of the two countries. Another objective of the research is to bring forward learning opinion and better advices from the height of insisting on developing continually, combined with the effect and questions in the practice of the legislation so as try to find new thought and construct of new socialism land resource protection code system and fill up the blankness of this research field. There are ten parts in the thesis: Part 1, the introduction includes the background, objective, significance, object, scope, method, thought, innovation and difficulties of the research; part 2 summarizes some basic concepts and theories related to the research; part 3 introduces separately the basic conditions of China and Russia from the progress history of the two countries land resource protection code; part 4 introduces the basic principles of the legislation about land resource protection of China and Russia, analyzes and evaluates the legislation characteristics of the two countries; part 5 introduces the legislation system and code system in the course of China an Russia land resource protection legislation and analyzes and evaluates both the characteristics; part 6 introduces the content of China an Russia land resource protection legislation and analyzes and evaluates both the characteristics; part 7 introduces the system of China an Russia land resource protection legislation and analyzes and evaluates both the characteristics; part 8 introduces the supervision and code responsibilities system of China an Russia land resource protection legislation and analyzes and evaluates both the characteristics; part 9 studies the trend and reference of China an Russia land resource protection legislation;part 10 Conclusions. The method of the research is comparative method: About comparative method, there is different understanding of foreign jurisconsults, for example, English jurisconsult Wilson thinks it is the research of legal system history and nomology. German jurisconsult Grossfield thinks it is a culture. Chinese jurisconsult Shen zongling thinks it is comparative research of code system of different countries and regions. The thesis uses three comparative methods: macro comparative method and micro comparative method; function comparative method and concept comparative method; static state comparative method and dynamic comparative method. Macro compare is the compare of different regime code as a whole, the whole evaluation and compare of China and Russia land resource protection legislation in the condition of different politics, economy and regime. Micro compare is the compare of different code concept, rule, system and branch code, the evaluation and compare of history development, basic principle, primary content, code system, code supervision and developing trend of China and Russia land resource protection legislation. Function compare is “finding different measures of solving problems from the differences of different codes”, (Shen zongling, 2003), that is to compare “different measures of solving problems”of China and Russia land resource protection legislation, so as to bring forward legislation reference. Concept compare is criterion compare or legislation compare, to compare the basic concept, legislation structure and legislation criterion of China and Russia land resource protection legislation, so as to understand both the land resource protection system more. Static state compare is the compare of specific time, specific code and code content, to compare the differences of material code items and code content of China and Russia land resource protection legislation. Dynamic compare is the compare of producing, developing, practicing and effect of the codes so just said, to compare the background, process and legislation change of China and Russia land resource protection legislation, so as to understand the complexity of both land resource protection legislation. Innovations of the thesis: (1) Laying out the process up to the minutes of two countries land resource protection legislation; Comparing and studying two countries land resource protection legislation; (2) Forecasting the developing trend of China land resource protection legislation by the methods of sustainable development and scientific development; (3) Putting forward the countermeasures and suggestions of China land resource protection legislation entirely. Theoretical significance of the thesis: The research starts from expatiating the concept of land resource protection legislation, expatiates and explains the correlative legislation principle and legislation system through looking back two countries land resource protection legislation evolution and content. In the course of expatiation and explanation, the thesis discusses many deep-seated theoretic problems. There are much sameness on the politics, economy and code system of China and Russia, even though about land resource protection. Practical significance of the thesis: Land resource protection legislation is very important social movement. At the beginning of1990s, Russian people chose the new Russia federation and new land system in the turbulence of the politics and economy and society. This choice of new land system is joined with land resource protection. Komov pointed out, in order to organize and implement land reform, we should found committee of Russia federation land reform and land resource and other region institution, we should study out the science pledge program of land reform, land membership, land supervision implement item and country supervision item of land usage and pledge and put them in practice; we also should workout land code. For the sake of excitateding creation and enterprise of peasantry, we must alter land relations, including transiting many component economy. Komov’s article told us, the country must take some urgency and powerful measures to protect land resource when facing Russia land destroyed, which is one of the most important tactic aims of country politics. At the same time, he told us, we should form a suit of economy and code system to protect land resource, including cracking down on those who used land illogically and made zoology damage. April 25, 1991, Russia federation parliament passed 《Russia federation land code》, which offered the code guarantee for using land resource in reason. At the end of 1991, the president Yeltsin subscribed 《An emergency measures of Russia federation implement land reform》, which was the symbol of beginning and pushing of Russia land privately owned. 《New Russia federation land code》came on at Oct 2001, subscribed by president Vladimir Putin. Afterwards, July 2002, Russia ordered 《Russia federation farming land circulation code》, the two codex means Russia agriculture reform, especially land privately owned reform entered a new development moment. Ending the beginning of 2003, Russia has founded 250 thousand agricultural corporate and 2640 thousand private farms. In the resent years, in Russia agriculture gross product, the percentage of agro-corporate product is 42%～44%, private farm 3.5%～4%, farmer 52%～54%, which shows that 《An emergency measures of Russia federation implement land reform》and other correlate code have been carried out on great degree. Therefore, the thesis studied China land resource protection legislation and countermeasures, especially according to the result of comparison of two countries land resource protection legislation, aiming at the actuality and problems of China land resource protection legislation, put forward how to found a integrated, systemic land resource protection legislation system.更多还原