【作者】 景茂；

【导师】 曹福亮；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 森林培育， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 银杏是中国特有的一种多用途经济树种,目前已经作为叶用林、用材林和果用林广泛栽培。了解银杏在不同土壤水分条件下发生的生长及生理生化响应机制,可以为银杏在不同土壤水分条件下的栽培提供理论依据。应用温室盆栽土培试验方法,采用完全随机试验设计,从生长、光合特性、激素、叶片超微解剖结构、黄酮和内酯含量及其组成、营养吸收和分配等方面,研究了4 个品系1年生银杏实生苗在4 种不同土壤水分条件下所发生的生长和生理生化响应,处理时间为100 天。研究结果表明: 1、土壤水分含量对银杏4 品系相对高生长、相对地径生长、生物量增量及其分配、单株叶面积、单株根系体积、根冠比等产生了显著的影响。随着土壤水分含量的减少,银杏4 品系相对高生长、相对地径生长、生物量增量、单株叶面积、单株根系体积等均逐渐减少;55 号品系根冠比逐渐增大,而32、44 和11 号品系在前3 种水分条件下逐渐增大,但在W4 水分条件下均下降;4 品系生物量增量分配到根系的比例逐渐增大,而分配到茎和叶中的比例则逐渐减少。2、土壤水分含量对4 银杏品系净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶片细胞间隙CO₂ 浓度、恒态荧光、光适应最大荧光、电子传递速率、PSⅡ量子效率等产生了显著的影响。在4 种土壤水分条件下,32 和11 号品系净光合速率均以W2 处理最高,其次为W1 处理,W4 处理最低;32、11 和55 号品系随着土壤水分含量的减少,叶片蒸腾速率逐渐减少;随着土壤水分的降低,4 个银杏品系叶片气孔导度、叶片细胞间隙CO2 浓度有下降的趋势;4 品系随着土壤水分含量的减少,叶片恒态荧光逐渐增大,叶片光适应最大荧光、电子传递速率、PSⅡ量子效率逐渐减少。3、土壤水分含量对银杏叶片超微结构产生了显著的影响。在W1 和W2 土壤水分条件下,银杏各品系叶肉细胞及细胞核基本正常,核膜基本清晰,叶绿体片层较清晰,叶绿体含少量嗜锇颗粒和淀粉粒,叶绿体外膜附着电子密度强的黑色物质,且细胞核膜及细胞壁上也附着同样的物质;在W3 和W4 土壤水分条件下,银杏各品系细胞核膜消失,多数叶绿体外膜变得模糊,且片层基本消失,叶绿体中嗜锇颗粒明显增多。　4、土壤水分含量对银杏叶中黄酮、内酯含量产生了显著的影响。如11 号品系则随着土壤水分含量的减少,山奈素、异鼠李素、总黄酮含量逐渐上升,55 号和44 号品系叶片中银杏内酯A、B、C、白果内酯及总内酯的含量,以及11 号品系银杏内酯A 的含量,随着土壤水分含量的减少有逐渐增加的趋势。5、随着土壤水分含量的减少,各品系银杏叶中赤霉素、生长素、玉米素含量逐渐减少,而脱落酸含量逐渐增加。6、土壤水分含量对银杏根、茎和叶中营养元素含量也产生了显著的影响。随着土壤水分含量的降低,银杏各品系茎、叶中全N 含量有先增加后下降的趋势,根系中全N 含量有逐渐增加的趋势,32 号和11 号品系茎、叶中全P 含量逐渐减少, 44 号、55 号和11号品系茎中全Ca 含量逐渐升高,叶中全Cu 含量下降;随着土壤水分含量的降低,银杏各品系茎、根、叶中全K 含量逐渐下降,根、茎和叶中Mg、Mn、Zn含量呈现升高的趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a multi-value deciduous tree species for the production of nuts, timber and leaves. Understanding the growth, physiological and biochemical reaction of Ginkgo under different soil water content treatments (levels) is essential to establish various Ginkgo plantations. To determine the reactions of growth, physiology and biochemistry, one-year-old seedlings of 4 Ginkgo F1 hybrids (55, 44, 11 and 32) were used to grow in a pot under greenhouse conditions with varying soil water levels . Four soil water levels (80%(W1), 60%(W2), 40%(W3) and 20%(W4) of field capacity) were employed, and the time of treatment was 100 days. The photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones concentration, absorption and allocation of nutrients, ultra-structure, growth, flavonoid and terpene lactone content were investigated. The results were as follows: 1, Soil water content had significant effects on Ginkgo’s growth. Relative height growth, relative diameter at collar, biomass , and leaf are and root volume per seedling of 4 Ginkgo hybrids decreased with decreasing soil water content. Root/shoot ratio of F1 55 increased with the decrease of soil water content, however, the ratio for the treatment of 20% field capacity decreased in other 3 lines. The proportion of biomass increment distributed to root increased with decreasing soil water content, and the proportion allocated to stem and leaf decreased. 2, There were significant effects for soil water content on the photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones concentration of Ginkgo. Net photosynthetic rates for F1 32 and 11 were the highest in treatment W2, and lowest in treatment W4. Transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of 4 F1 hybrids decreased with decreasing soil water content. Fluorescence of steady state of leaf of 4 hybrids increased with decreasing soil water content, but the light-adapted fluorescence maximum, electron transfer rate and PSⅡquanta efficiency decreased. 3, Ultrastructure of leaf of Ginkgo was significantly affected by soil water content. At the soil water levels of W1 and W2, mesophyll cells and karyon were na (u?)tural, and membrane of karyon and lamlla of chloroplast were clear, and there were a few osmiopilic globules and starch grain in the chloroplast, and there were black substancec of high electron density in ectoblast of chloroplast, membrane of karyon and cell wall. At the soil water levels W3 and W4, membrane of karyon of 4 l hybrid dissolved, and a great number of chloroplast became thicken, and some lamlla of chloroplast disappeared; however, osmiopilic globules increased obviously. 4, There were significant effects of soil water content on flavonoid, terpene lactone and endogenous hormones concentration of l Ginkgo leaf. For example, the quercetin, kaemplerol, isorhamnetin and total flavonoid concentration for hybrid 11 increased with the decrease of soil water content, and ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide of the lines 55 and 44 also increased with decreasing of soil water content, and GA, IAA and ZT concentration of Ginkgo leaves decreased with decreasing of soil water content, but ABA concentration increased. 6,There existed significant effects for soil water content on nutrition element concentration of the Ginkgo leaf. Total N concentration of root of 4 lines increased with decreasing of soil water content, but total N concentration of stem and leaf increased at the very beginning of the experiment , then decreased (W4). Total P concentration of stem and leaf of 32 and 11 lines decreased with decreasing of soil water content, and total Ca concentration of stem of 44, 55 and 11 lines increased with decreasing of soil water content, the total Cu concentration decreased. The total K concentration of root, stem and leaf of 4 lines decreased with decreasing of soil water content, but the total Mn, Mg and Zn concentration increased.更多还原