北宋东京布局研究

【作者】 李合群；

【导师】 王鲁民；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 中国古代史， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 北宋东京城,人口逾百万,是当时世界东方的大都市。其城市布局,既受“象天设都”、勘舆学这些规划思想的影响,又受历史、地理等客观条件的制约,具有多元性与复杂性。 北宋东京由外城、内城、皇城与宫城四重城垣组成,将中国古代“内城外廓”的城池结构发展到极致。宋外城周长48里233步,作为拱卫京师的首道屏障,筑有瓮城、马面、战棚等防御设施,是北宋“守内虚外”国策的重要体现。文章对有关宋外城的考古资料予以解说,并探讨了外城门与拐子城的形制等问题。宋内城,周长20里155步,为京师开封的第二道屏障,并对城市内部空间具有分隔与界定的作用。对于宋皇宫,文章一反“宋皇宫一城五里说”、“宋无宫城说”、“宋皇城七里说”、“宋皇宫加延福宫九里说”等观点,认为宋皇宫分为皇宫二城,皇城周长九里十三步,宫城周长五里,前者从东、南、两三面环卫后者。宋皇、宫二城的范围,与古人视“九五”为尊位有关。《周易·乾卦》曰:“九五,飞龙在天,利见大人。”龙是帝王的化身,故“九五”为帝王之数,象征等级之最,不可僭越。 宋东京城内,有汴河、蔡河、五丈河、金水河四河贯城,是各地贡赋物质漕运京师的通道,被视作东京的生命线。尤其是汴河,其沿岸邸店、酒楼、商业行市众多,是东京经济繁荣的集中体现,并对附近街市具有辐射力。由于诸河流走向的不规则性,致使宋东京的里坊布局,街道分布,难以像隋唐长安城那样整齐划一,呈现出城市空间格局上的灵活性。 宋东京街道,作为一种城市纹理,为混合式,以棋盘状为主,附以环形与斜线,这标志着隋唐时期规整的方格网状城市空间格局的终结。城内屡禁不止的侵街现象,是里坊制崩溃的原因与体现。关于其崩溃的时间,日本学者加藤繁先生认为是在北宋末年。事实上,早在五代后周时期,东京街道两侧允许种树、掘井、修盖凉棚,已播下了里坊制解体的种子。入宋以后,屡禁不止的侵街行为,促进了种子的发芽、生长。发展到仁宗景祐年间,政府允许临街开设邸店,随之,坊墙拆除了,至此里坊制彻底崩溃。并且,其崩溃过程,亦非从坊墙的倒塌开始,而是由侵街行为以发其端,待发展到政府因无力制止而予以承认时,坊墙这一坊制的外壳随之消失。也就是说,坊墙与墙外的侵街建筑,曾共存过相当时间。 街道既是构成城区的框架,具有交通功能,也是人们观光、交谈的场所,其景观更是人们对城市形象最直接、最便捷的感受。在以隋唐长安城为典型的里坊制度下,街道两侧以坊墙围合,是一种单调、死板的景象。而宋东京城,随着街市制的形成,邸店、商铺沿街而立,人流、物流充斥其间,呈现出前所未有的活泼、多彩的街道景观。这种景观,有助于人们由必要性活动向自发性和社会性活动转变。 北宋东京的厢坊制,是随着城市人口的增加,商品经济的繁荣而出现的新型管理体制,也可以说是由坊市分离到坊市合一后的产物。宋东京城内共分8厢120坊,城外9厢14坊。在经济及地理位置等因素的影响下,宋东京的人口分布并不均衡,内城比外城相对稠密,呈现出一种梯度。与人口梯度相一致,在市区土地划分上出现了“紧处”与“慢处”的区别。其上所建之屋,亦相应划分为“紧屋”与“慢屋”,其房租有高低之差。这是政府调整城市空间结构的一种经济手段,以缓解人口向市中心聚集。 为了从“点”上深入研究宋东京的布局,本文借用现代城市中“空间片区”这一概念,将其空间细分为政治、礼制、皇家园林、禁军营地、宗教、教育、商业、官营作坊及娱乐九种类型。文章对各空间片区的位置、内容、分布特点等方面,进行了探讨。在此无法一一列举,仅以政治与商业空间为例,予以说明。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, DongJing (Kaifeng city) was the premier city in the East at that time, with a population of over a million people. Its city distribution was under the influence of ’xiang tian she du’and geomantic omen, and restricted by historical and geographic conditions. Its integral was vast and fascinating.The city advanced to the fullest of a city built with an elaborate series of city walls, with the emperor domain in the center. The perimeter of the city was a breathtaking of more than 24 kilometers. At that time, Chinese cities, with Kaifeng as the prime example, were highly internalized, with great emphasis placed on maintaining internal order while disregarding, to a large extent, the world beyond the city walls. The author of this paper tries to explain and research, according to the documents, the relationship between the different sections including the inner city and outer, Barbian Extrain and Guaizi Wall. The inner part of Kaifeng city, with circumference of more than 10 kilometers, separated the different parts of the city. The author maintains the theory that imperial Capital of Song Dynasty was divided into two parts, the perimeter of imperial Capital was more than 4.5 kilometers, which surrounded the Royal Palace, and the latter had 2.5 kilometers in circle. This theory was different from the ancient saying such as, ’Imperial Capital of Song runs 2.5 kilometers’, ’No Royal Palace in Song Dynasty’, ’Imperial Capital of Song goes 3.5 kilometers.’ The region of the two parts had close relationship, as the ancient people thought ’top ruler’. According to The Text of the Book of Changes, nine and five (top ruler), a flying dragon in heaven, one distinguished person will be born. Dragon is a symbol of ancient emperor.The city of Kaifeng had Bian River, Jiang River, and Wuzhang River, Gold Water River, all of which served as major arteries for the countrywide materials to the city, an effective series of life line for the city. The banks of the Bian River were packed with hotels, lousiness, shops and other things. It was the flourishing heart of the city, exploding with prosperity and excitement. Because the flow of the rivers often changed, it was imperative for city planning departments to adapt a flexible approach to their work, which was quite different from the tidy Xi’an city of Sui and Tang Dynasties.The streets, with their chessboard shape and many circles and oblique lines, embodied the end of net and Crosshatch style arrangement of Sui and Tang Dynasties. Occupation of streets was the reason and embody as well of the destroyed LiFang system. To be specifically, trees, shelters, appeared in the Late Zhou Period of Five States, it was the beginning of the disintegration of LiFang system. In Song Dynasty especially in the Jingyou period of Renzong Emperor, more shops appeared along the streets and inner walls were put down. That was the end of LiFang system. Therefore, the destruction of ancient LiFang was not began with collapsing of Fang Wall, butwith the occupation of streets and its development until it was permitted by government till then, this system completely disappeared. That is to say, Fang Wall and buildings of occupation of streets had coexisted for quite a long time.The street is not only a place for communication but also for traveling and enjoyment. Spectacle is the first thing to catch people’s eyes. Under the system of LiFang, streets in Xi’an city were completely separated by walls, which looked dull and rigid. While in Kaifeng of Song Dynasty, the streets were lively and dynamic with numerous shops and hotels. The atmosphere of the street allowed people to take a break from the drudgery of daily life to spent time enjoying the pleasures of their personal choosing.As increasing of population and development of economy, XingFang system (opposite to Lifang system) appeared in Kaifeng of Northern Song Dynasty. It was the result of combination of LiFang and main market. The inner city of Kaifeng had 8 Xiangs(a unit superior to Fang), 120 Fangs. The outer city had 9 Xiangs, 14 Fangs. With historical and geographic conditions, the distribution of population was not regular for larger number in the inner part. As a result, the ploughed fields and buildings distributed differently, then the rent of room are various. Such difference did benefit on economy and population distribution as well.The author uses the termsmall city segments’ to separate the city into 9 sections: politics, etiquette, Imperial garden, Imperial guards camps, religion, education, business, entertainment, and workshop. Furthermore, the writer discusses the location, content and distribution of population of each part. Here just take politics and business as examples. Imperial Palace of Kaifeng was divided into inner city and outer city. The arrangement seemed complicated compared with Xi’an and Forbidden city of Beijing, with Daqing Hall → Wunde Hall stand on the east part, Chuigong Hall → Zichen Hall →Jingying Hall as two east-west rolls, with Daqing Hall → Zichen Hall → Chongzhen Hall, Wende Hall → Chuigong Hall → Yanghe Hall,Huangyi Hall→Xuanhe Hall as three north-south axes. Such arrangement was even rare in ancient Chinese history. Because there was no enough place for government offices to build in Imperial Palace, many office buildings had to moved out on the sides in front of Imperial Palace, such as ’Two offices eight positions’. Department of state Affairs, the Censorate, Secretary Department, Taichang Temple. That arrangement was the forerunner of the central government was standed in front of Imperial palace; it was imitated by Jinzhong Du and Yuan Dadu, and reached the highest standard till Beijing city of Ming Dynasty.Business district was another main element in Kaifeng city. As a whole, hotels and shops congested in the city, replaced the lanes of Xi’an in Tang Dynasty. Business centers had formed, among which the most famous were the alongside of Bian River in the south city and Maxing street, Panlou street in north city, they were called "River in South and Market in North City." Fruit store, butcher shop, hotel, drugstores, night market etc. clustered around the area.Business district of Kaifeng city, a new form of city distribution, opened to the outside world. In the area, trade could be dealt at any time in any place, night.market and morning market formed accordingly. All businessmen were allowed to set up stall,no matter whom they were. One remarkable phenomenon was that officials set up shops and competed with ordinary shop owners, another was market usually located near goods supply place.Kaifeng city had been broadened during over 300 years from Bianzhou city of Tang Dynasty to the perdition of northern Song Dynasty .This enlargement embodies three-dimension .City walls had no effect on separating city and country. Markets formed outside city, which ameliorated the crowded city without building new city walls, which was also one new phenomenon in ancient Chinese history. Dongjing city broke through an old saying "Build city wall to defend emperor, set up defense to keep ordinary citizens". In the process of broadening, economic centers formed and displaced along the riverside of Bian River, Cai River and Wuzhang River.Farm fields and farmers moved out of Dongjing in Northern Song Dynasty while they had stayed in the city before Tang Dynasty .Moreover, in domicile management, citizens of Dongjing in city or out city are called ’Guofanghu’, in contrast with countryman. Urban people, whose taxes were called ’kepei’, which was opposite to rural citizens’ errands,.As for the three-dimensional aspect, the ban of storied buildings had been abolished since Five Dynasty periods .As the development of economy, storied buildings became popular in Dongjing of northern Song Dynasty, subsequently, add capacity of the city. In Dongjing, from high pagodas to huge towers, from magnificent palaces to lower one-story houses, various heights of buildings formed the horizon of the city’s sky.A sketch map of DongJing City in Northern Song Dynasty has been drawn by the author on the base of research .Different places were signed on the map such as city walls, rivers, government offices, temples, gardens, imperial guards’ camps etc. Some of the locations have been measured by archaeologists; some came from documents or inference. The sketch map is a total one, in accordance with single map in this article, such as the arrangement of XiangFang, the arrangement of streets, stereo enlargement of buildings, the displacement of developing belts, the shape of gates, the section of imperial streets etc. Moreover, aimed at various maps with errors of DongJing, the author chooses seven representatives to correct and give the readers a view on history.更多还原