【作者】 鞠洪波；

【导师】 迟德富； 宋瑞清；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 森林保护， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 应用森林病理学、植物微生态学、微生物学等学科的原理和技术方法,系统地研究了樟子松枯梢病的微生态控制技术,包括子松树表微生态控制技术和樟子松根际微生态控制技术。对樟子松树栖真菌群落结构、分布格局及生物多样性进行了分析,并从中筛选出对樟子松枯梢病菌有抑制作用的拮抗菌。 从樟子松地上部分共分离鉴定出树栖真菌59属(种),其中芽栖真菌15种,叶栖真菌43种,枝栖真菌、干栖真菌各19种。松枯梢病菌只在松针上分离到,分离率较低。分离鉴定的树栖真菌包括:接合菌2种,子囊菌3种,担子菌11种,其他为半知菌。随着林冠层的降低,芽栖真菌种类随之减少,且分布不均匀;叶栖真菌在1～2年生针叶中冠层分布最少,上冠层和下冠层较多;枝栖真菌随枝龄的增长略有增加;干栖真菌随树干高度的增加,真菌群落的种类逐渐减少。林间调查采集外生菌根菌11种,幼林中以厚环乳牛肝菌(Suills grevillei)、点柄乳牛肝菌(Suillus granulatus)、彩色豆马勃Pisolithus tinctorius为优势种,中龄林中以红菇类(Russula spp.)和铆钉菇(Gomphidius rutilus)较多。 樟子松树栖真菌分布格局和多样性有较强的规律性。5种常见树栖真菌的分布格局分成两种类型,一类是服从负二相分布的集聚分布格局,另一类是服从泊松分布的随机分布格局。Alternaria sp.、Pestalotiopsis sp.、Truncatella sp.和Coniothyrium sp.属于集聚分布格局,而Phyllosticta sp.的分布格局更接近随机分布格局。树栖真菌多样性和均匀度与病害发生的可能性呈负相关,即树栖真菌多样性和均匀度越高,病害发生的可能性越小。芽栖真菌的种群多样性和均匀度随冠层的降低而降低,而受害程度不断上升。就叶栖真菌而言,1～2年生针叶上的真菌种群多样性指数,上冠层和下冠层较高,中冠层较低,而3年以上生针叶上的叶栖真菌多样性,下冠层高于上冠层,且均匀性降低,上冠层的叶栖真菌的受害可能性小,中冠层受害亦轻,下冠层易受害。干栖真菌种群的多样性指数与树干高度呈负相关,随着树干高度的不断升高逐渐降低,其均匀度指数干基最高,其次是干上部,干中部最低。 从樟子松上分离出的树栖真菌中,选出分布较广、出现频次较高的6种真菌,与枯梢病病原茵进行对峙培养,采用相对抑菌效果来判别筛选出的真菌拮抗能力大小。试验结果表明:所筛选的树栖真菌对樟子松枯梢病病原菌都有一定的抑菌作用,在72小时内,这6种拮抗菌的对病原菌抑制率分别是:001为87.86%,Trichoderma viride 2为75.71%,Trichoderma viride 1为74.91%,Trichoderma harzianum为71.27%,Chaetomium cochliodes为69.06%,Lacellinopsis sp.为61.08%,而相对抑制效果分别达到36.07,73.55,4.81,2.59,6.16,3.84。 4个毒蘑菇菌株与Sphaeropsis sapinea对峙培养试验表明,供试4个毒蘑菇菌株对S.sapinea生长都有抑制作用。抑菌效果由高到低的次序为:Clitocybe dealbata>Lepiota cristata>Ramaria ephemeroderma>Lepiota clypeolaria;相对抑菌效果的次序为Lepiota clypeolaria>Lepiota cristata>Ramaria ephemeroderma>Clitocybe dealbata。高效拮抗菌菌株为Lepiota clypeolaria。更多还原

【Abstract】 The micro-ecological control technique, including the tree surface and rhizosphere of Mongol Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), for shoot blight of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica was systematically studied using the principles and technologies of forest pathology, plant micro-ecology and microbiology.. The community structure, distribution pattern, as well as the biological diversity of tree-inhabiting fungi of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica were investigated, and the antagonistic fungi that have inhibiting effects to the pathogen of shoot blight were screened.Totally 59 genera (species) of tree-inhabiting fungi were isolated and identified from the over-ground part of on Mongol Scotch Pine., including 15 species of bud-inhabiting fungi, 43 species of foliage-inhabiting fungi, 19 species of branch-inhabiting fungi and 19 species of stem-inhabiting fungi. The pathogen (Sphaeropsis sapinea) of Shoot Blight of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica was only isolated from pine needles, with a lower isolation rate Among the isolated and identified tree-inhabiting fungi, 2 species belong to Zygomycotina, 3 species belong to Ascomycotina, 11 species belong to Basidiomycotina, and the others belong to Deuteromycotina. Along with the crown layer down, bud-inhabiting fungi decreased in ’species number, and the distribution was uneven. The species of foliage-inhabiting fungi on the 1—2 year-old needles were least in middle crown layer and most in upper crown layer and lower crown layer. Branch-inhabiting fungi had a slight increase in species number with the increasing of branch age, while the species number of stem-inhabiting fungi gradually decreased with the increase of stem height,. Eleven species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected from Mongol Scotch Pine forest. Suillus grevillei, Suillus granulatus, Pisolithus tinctorius are the dominated species in artificial young-age forest, and Russula and Gomphidius rutilus dominates in middle-age forest.The distribution pattern and diversity of tree-inhabiting fungi on Mongol Scotch Pine has a stronger regularity. The distribution patterns of five common tree-inhabiting fungi were divided into 2 types. One is aggregated distribution pattern which obeys the negative binomial distribution, and the other is random distribution pattern which obeys the Poisson’s distribution. Alternaria sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Truncatella sp. and Coniothyrium sp. belong to the aggregated distribution pattern, while Phyllosticta sp. is more close to the random distribution pattern. The diversity and uniformity of tree-inhabiting fungi negatively correlated with disease occurrence, the higher the diversity and uniformity of tree-inhabiting fungi, the lower the possibility of disease occurrence. The diversity and uniformity of bud-inhabiting fungi decrease along with the crown layer lowers, but suffer injury degree of tree unceasingly increases. The diversity index of the foliage-inhabiting fungi on 1-2 year-old needles is higher in upper and lower crown layers, but lower in middle crown layer. For the foliage-inhabiting fungi on the more than 3-year-old needles, its diversity is higher in lower crown layer than in upper crown layer, with a decrease in uniformity. The foliage-inhabiting fungi hardly injure in upper crown layer, slightly injure in middle crown layer, and easily injure in lower crown layer. The diversity index of stem-inhabiting fungi shows a negative correlation with stem height, decreasing with the rise of stem height, still the uniformity index is the highest in base of the stem, moderate in the upper part of stem, and lowest in the middle part of stem.Six species of fungi, with broad distribution and high appeared frequency, were selected from isolated tree-inhabiting fungi for dual culture of antagonism against Sphaeropsis sapinea. Antagonistic effect was examinedaccording to the relative inhibiting effect. The results show that the tree-inhabiting fungi screened all have certain inhibiting effects to Sphaeropsis sapinea. Within 72 h, the inhibiting rates of the 6 species of antagonistic fungi, 001, Trichoderma viride 2, Trichoderma viride 1, Trichoderma harzianum, Chaetomium cochliodes, and Lacellinopsis sp is 87.86%, 75.71%, 74.91%, 71.27%, 69.06%, and 61.08%, respectively, and their relative inhibiting effects reaches separately: 36.07, 73.55, 4.81, 2.59, 6.16 and 3.84.Dual culture of 4 strains of toxic mushrooms against Sphaeropsis sapinea was conducted. The result shows that 4 strains of toxic mushrooms all have definite inhibiting effects to Sphaeropsis sapinea. The order of inhibiting rate from high to low is: Clitocybe dealbata >Lepiota cristata >Ramaria ephemeroderma>Lepiota cfypeolaria, and the relative inhibiting effect is: Lepiota clypeolaria > Lepiota cristata > Ramaria ephemeroderma>Clitocybe dealbata. Lepiota clypeolaria exhibits a highly antagonistic action for inhibiting Sphaeropsis sapinea growth.Ten strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Mongol Scotch Pine were obtained by collecting in field, isolating and culturing, synthesizing indoor. The inoculation in field shows that the 10 strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi all have certain promoting effect on seedlings growth of Mongol Scotch Pine. The effect of inoculation by the method of soaking root with fugal liquid is better than that by the method of lister inoculating, but it is only suitable for transplant seedling. The inoculation by the highly effective strain mixed with other strain ’is not as good as that by the highly effective strain solely for promoting seedling growth. The height growth of the seedlings inoculated with strains GT005, 035,009, LH004, and GT001, by the method of soaking root, was raised by 54.24%, 41.53%, 36.44%, 35.59% and 35.59% respectively, compared with that of the control in 130 days. Application of Strains 035, LH004,025,010 and GT001 can raise the collar diameter growth of seedlings by more than 20%. In comparison with control, the collar diameter growth of the seedlings inoculated with strains 035, LH004, and 025 was raised by 56.31%, 39.93%, and 29.01%, respectively. Three-year-old seedlings were inoculated with strains Pt and Gt005 using the method of lister. The seedlings increased by 10.76% in height growth for inoculation with Pt and and 9.96% for inoculation with Gt005 within 100 days, and collar diameter growth was raised by 16.43% for Pt inoculation and 15.18% for Gt005 inoculation. The height growth of the seedlings inoculated with combinations 044/GtOOl and GT001/GT005 by the method of lister was only increased by 3.47% and 2.07% in 100 days, whereas the height growth of seedlings inoculated with 044/025 and 044/009 was lower than the control. The collar diameter growth of the seedlings inoculated with mixed strains was 0.16%~7.98% higher than that of the control.Bacterial fertilizer and plant growth regulator have markedly promoting effect on high growth of Mongol Scotch Pine seedlings. The height growth of seedlings was raised by 20% within 130 days after applying fertilizer, compared to control. The white-color micro-fertilizer can obviously raise the collar diameter of the seedlings. It raised the collar diameter of the seedlings by 20.7%. Applying red-color micro-fertilizer and the plant growth regulator enhanced the collar diameter growth of the seedlings by 13.8% and 17.2%, respectively.更多还原