【作者】 周健；

【导师】 李必强；

【作者基本信息】 武汉理工大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 本文研究的是以管理科学、组织行为学和现代心理学为基础的组织智能理论及其构造方法。复杂科学理论、智力测量理论和统计学原理等一系列现代科学进展,以及当代信息技术的发展为本文深入探讨组织在整体上所表现出的智力及其构成机制提供了极为重要的理论指导和研究方法。 20世纪中叶以来,随着科学技术的飞速发展,特别是以计算机和互连网络技术为代表的信息技术崛起,将世界带入了快速变化的时代,在这个时代,一切都在快速地变化中,不确定因素越来越多,计划和预测的能力正在失去它们原来曾经拥有的光环。在这个时代,曾经被捧为至宝的“制造-销售”模式越来越显示出无可奈何的窘态。彼得·德鲁克(Peter Drucker)说:“这是知识的本质:变化快,今天的必然变成明天的荒谬”。在这个时代,是否具有快速、适当的应对环境变化的能力成为决定组织能否在这样的环境中继续生存并取得发展的最重要因素。正是因为如此,适应性组织的研究成为当代组织研究的热点也就显得毫不奇怪了。 虽然我们常用“智力”来指范围广泛的能力和实现这些能力的效率,但是其中也蕴涵灵活性和创造性。智力的涵义包括聪颖、预见、速度、创造性,能同时应付多少事件等。在现代文献中,智力常常指的是抽象思维的能力,推理的能力和把大量信息组织为有意义系统的能力。对于组织而言,智力是与内部结构、组成成员、组织氛围、交流方式、经理人才、技术积累等密切相关的,并在总体上表现为组织对外界环境的学习和反应能力。 复杂科学的迅速发展,特别是混沌理论、复杂适应系统和分形理论等的发展对管理思想产生了很大的影响。开始于现代自然科学领域中的复杂理论在经济学、社会学和管理学等人文领域中受到广泛重视和应用,被誉为“21世纪的科学”的复杂性科学正在改变着管理与组织科学理论的基础,均衡和边际收益递减等经典观念受到严峻的挑战。 简单的说,组织智能是在整体上保持组织具有较高有序状态的能力。组织的有序状态既体现在组织内部和外部资源的整合、协调和运用等方面,也体现在对资源的形式、种类、数量和质量的不断调整、改进和创新等方面。组织智能不仅仅是当代智能技术在组织理论及组织管理中的运用,而且可以全面反应出组织状态、素质和适应及影响环境等方面的能力。在组织智能的观点下,组织已经不在是“效率机器”,组织具有独立意识和智能的生命有机体。第一,组更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper focuses on the theory of organizational intelligence and constructing method based on management science, organizational behavior and modern psychology. The progress of a series of modern science such as complicated scientific theory, intelligent measurable theory and statistical principle as well as the development of modern information technology provides very important theoretical guidance and research methods for the paper to make a deep research on intelligence and constructing mechanism shown by intelligence as a whole.Since the 1950’s, with the rapid development of science and technology, especially the rise of information technology with computer and Internet as the representatives, the world has entered a rapidly changing period. In this age, everything is changing at a fantastic speed. Uncertainties are on the rise. The ability of plans and predictions are losing what they used to possess. Nowadays the once high-valued "Make-Sale" model is gradually confronted with an embarrassed situation. Peter Drucker believes that the nature of knowledge is the rapid change and the inevitability of today is the absurdity of tomorrow. In this age, whether a person possesses the rapid and appropriate ability to deal with the environment has become the most important factor to decide whether the organization can continue to survive and make progress under such circumstances. Because of this, it’s not strange why the research on adaptability has become a hot topic of modern organizational research.Although we often use "intelligence" to refer to the wide range ability and the efficiency of realizing the ability, we also mean flexibility and creativity. The meaning of intelligence means cleverness, prediction, speed, inventiveness and dealing with things at the same time. In contemporary documents, intelligence is often known as the ability of abstract thought, reason and the ability to change a lot of information into meaningful system. As far as the organization is concerned, intelligence is closely associated with internal structure, membership, organizational environment, way of communication, organizational ability and the accumulation of technology, which shows the study-respond ability of organization to external environment as a whole.The rapid development of complicated science, especially the chaos theory, complicated adaptive system and the fractal theory has greatly influenced the managerial thought. Originated from modern natural science, complicated theory is widely paid much attention to and applied in humanity such as economics, sociology and management. The complicated theory, known as "21st Century Science" ischanging the basis of the theory of management and organizational science. The classical a ncept of balance and the decrease of margin are seriously challenged.In simpler words, organizational intelligence is the ability to make organization possess higher order. The order of organization is shown not only in the aspects such as organize tion, coordination and appliance both inside and outside the organization but also indicated in the aspects such as the constant coordination, improvement and renovation of the forms, kinds, number and quality of resources. Organizational intelligence is not only the application of modern intelligence technology used in organizatioaal theory and organizational management. It can also reflect wholly the ability of organizational state, quality, adaptability and the influence to the environment. Based on this, the organization is not the "efficient machine" as it used to be but also possesses independent consciousness and an intelligent living organism. First, the organization shows the characteristics of consciousness and intelligence. Like human beings, the organization is seeking life and development. It is the main part of the environment. Second, the organization possesses the characteristics of consciousness and intelligence within the structure.Judgir g by the characteristics of human society and based on the categories of modern psychology, Organizational intelligence can be classified as the intelligence of environmental evaluation, intelligence of synergetics and intelligence of computing, among which the intelligence of environmental evaluation means the ability to seize the change and trend of the environment. The intelligence of synergetics means the ability to exert, guide and promote the cooperation within different departments. Based on this, the ability refers to the order parameter of organizatio 1 inside the system to control and make the organization develop toward the macro cevelopment orderly and finally form an orderly organizational structure. The intelligence of computing means the ability of people concerned within the organization to make use of appropriate ways and technological methods to compute, reason and make decisions according to the materials and information obtained. It also means the ability to change these computation, reason and decision into organizational macro behavior.During; the process of the organizational formation and constant evolution, because of identical or similar purpose as well as the environmental change and pressure, each department, even each intelligent individual within the organization not only lias the exchange of substance, energy and information between environment but also the exchange is very complicated and frequent. During the process of coordinating between the most basic intelligent individual of organization and with the, constant adaptability to the environment, various situations will appear so as to form organizational macro intelligence. ( the origin of the theory)Accompanied by the evolution of organization itself, Organizational intelligence will meet with critical choice between evolution and degeneration, coordination and dispute, renovation and sticking to conventions. The result will directly lead to the change of evolving direction of the Organizational intelligence, (evolving development theory) The organizational intelligence is an incomplete distributed system. Within the system, each member is more or less related to each other. Within the power, each member makes a decision which he believes the most appropriate according to the information obtained and the data controlled. Meanwhile, each decision and action will greatly influence the decision or action of other members. Some of the influence is vital. The decision and action of each individual will finally combine into the ones of the whole organization.Fractal theory is a very important and forceful way to study non-liner science. It is also entitled as the most important scientific revolution of the twentieth century. Many researches show that the growth of fractal and the formation of fractal structure depend not only on the moving of individual member but also on the cohesion of individuals. On the other hand, the grow and the formation are also connected with different conditions. Different motions and cohesions of individuals can influence the chroma, gradient and cohesion odds of individuals in some areas so as to decide fractal structure and fractal growth. The research shows that when meeting with the condition of Laplace Equation, free individual cohesion possesses the characteristics of fractal growth in non-liner system. The self-organization of organizational intelligence means with the development of formation and evolution of organizational intelligence, the change of order parameter can result in the repetition of the gradual formation and evolution in the form of self-organization. Diffusion-Limited Aggregation(DLA) model and nerve network system can both prove effectively the theory of self-organization.Meanwhile, DLA model and synergetic theory also prove the positive feedback theory of organizational intelligence. The positive feedback theory of organizational intelligence means under some circumstances satisfied, if the orderly parameter doesn’t change greatly, the organizational intelligence can increase or decrease according to the resource controlled and arranged by the organization itself. On the other hand, the increase or decrease of organizational intelligence can also result in the increase or decrease of the resource controlled or arranged by the organization itself.Psychologically, intelligence quotient and intelligence obstacle are two special terms to describe the extent of individual intelligence. Among which, intelligence reflects the intelligent level of a person. It is reflected on the comprehensive ability of observation, attention, memory, thought and imagination of a human individual.When the intelligent level of a human individual is lower, it represents intelligence obstacle. A a individual with intelligence obstacle has obvious problems in adaptability, comprehension, reasoning, memorizing and language ability.Based on modern knowledge theory and complicated scientific theory, together with the res ;arch achievements of ordinary intelligent theory, psychological theory and statistical theory, this paper makes a deep research on the problem of organizatior al intelligence quotient and organizational intelligence obstacle. By using the mathematical instrument of fuzzy integrated appraisal and AHP, this paper develops iritially the index of evaluation system of measuring organizational intelligence quotient and discusses some related concepts of Norm, Reliability and Validity so as to build up a quantified approach to organizational intelligence by using organizational intelligence quotient.Based on the theories of thermodynamics and information, the author comes up with the concept of management quotient. He believes that with the increase of management quotient, the organization will gradually make for the abyss similar to Heat Death to make the organization lose its vigor and vitality and finally be eliminated by the environment. The author believes that only by the reform of organization based on the dissipation theory to make possible the constant exchange of energy, substance and information between organization and environment and by the increasing trend of negative quotient obtained through external environment to offset or decrease the internal management quotient can make the organization full of vigor and continue to develop in changing situations.In recsnt years, network organization has been one of the hot topics paid much attention to. Based on the research of network organization and the combination of the theory of lean organization and interactive management, the author comes up with the CDncept of "Adaptability Network Organization"(ANO). He believes that ANO is 2 member possessing some self-behavior ability and an open organic organizational system based on fully authorization and mutual reliance. This kind of organization fully displays the characteristics of flatness and power transfer to a lower level of decision-making. The author also believes that ANO is an open complicated adaptive system and possesses the characteristics of learning type of organization.According to the difference of the characteristics of organizational structure, this paper suggests the ANO classification of core type and non-core type. He also believes t lat the core type of ANO is chiefly fit to be used in the network between the organ zation built up by the membership connection of powerful resource and capability. He thinks that the network organizational form formed by reform of adaptive network within the organization. The non-core type of ANO is closer to thecharacteristics of market and the relationship between each member is totally equal within the organization. What’s more, the author discusses the intelligent features of ANO from the points of the capabilities such as the extent of application of information technology and applicable ability, adaptability and coordination, learning and decision-making, etc.The Sense-and-Respond Organization proposed by Stephan H. Haeckel is a typical ANO. This kind of organization has a strong adaptability and can give a rapid response to the changes of the needs of clients through various different models. As the core, to adapt to the environment is the most important operating model of Sense-and-Respond Organization.Based on the theory of deep analytical related theory and practice, this paper proposes Collective Mental Models (CMM) of Sense-and Respond Organization and illustrates the design principle and operating model of Sense-and-Respond Organization, which explains the general established process of Sense-and-Respond Organization. This paper also proposes the principles of General White Box, Agility, Elaboration and Transparency of Sense-and-Respond Organization during the process of being established.In general, organizational intelligence is a new concept of researching organizational structure and its operating model. Based on the research achievements of complicated science, bionics and intelligent psychology, a new perspective of management science research is proposed. The author believes that under complicated, constant changing and uncertain circumstances, the research of organizational intelligence and its gradual maturity will inevitably help various organizations adapt to the environment better, make use of and renovate resource more effectively and make the organization operate more orderly and more effectively.更多还原