【作者】 欧阳迪莎；

【导师】 谢联辉； 林卿；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 植物病理学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 农业是人类社会和经济发展的基础,可持续农业是世界农业发展的趋势。国内外研究和实践表明,植物病害是制约农业可持续发展的一大因素,植物病害管理在可持续农业中具有举足轻重的作用,对粮食安全、生态安全、经济发展和社会稳定产生重大影响。在可持续发展战略下,立足我国国情,从理论和实践两个层面研究植物病害管理意义重大。 论文的研究内容跨学科交叉,练合应用经济学、植物病理学、生态学和管理学等多门学科的理论来研究可持续农业中的植物病害管理问题。前三章对可持续农业和植物病害(防治)的相关内容及其相互关系加以研究。第一章以可持续农业为研究对象,回顾了可持续农业产生的背景,阐述了可持续农业的内涵和目标,归纳了发达国家(美国、法国、德国等)和发展中国家(印度、中国)的可持续农业发展模式,重点介绍了我国可持续农业的三大发展模式:生态农业、集约农业和高效农业模式,并概要分析了国内外可持续农业的研究近况。第二章概要归纳了植物病害及防治的内涵,简要阐明了植物病害防治的现状和重要性,并从战略(策略)和战术(技术)两个层次对植物病害防治加以分析。在战略层次上,按时间发展次序分析和总结了植物病害生态治理等四个策略;在战术层次上,探讨了植物检疫等六项常用技术。对这些策略和技术,主要从它们的发展概况、优点及存在的不足加以研究,并在前人研究的基础上,结合自己的实践结果,分析了当前我国植物病害防治中存在的主要问题。第三章剖析了可持续农业与植物病害及防治间的相互关系,把前面两章与后面各章系统地连接成一个整体。 植物病害化学防治外部性不仅关系到植保工作本身,还关系到农业可持续发展全局,已日益成为制约我国农业可持续发展的重要问题。第四章从经济学角度应用外部性理论对植物病害化学防治加以研究,探索性地提出植物病害化学防治外部性及内在化的概念与内在化的两大途径:技术创新与制度创新,本章还对植物病害化学防治功过加以评述,对植物病害化学防治外部性的表现形式及其类别进行归纳和总结。 植物病害防治主体有农户、政府、企业和消费者,这些主体的行为对可更多还原

【Abstract】 Sustainable agriculture is the base of human society and economic development, which served to be the trend of world agriculture development. Researches and practice at home and abroad show that plant disease is a limiting factor in sustainable agriculture. Therefore plant disease management plays an important role in sustainable agriculture and has a great impact on food security, ecology security, economic development and social stability. Under the context of sustainable development, it means a great deal to do a research on plant disease management from both aspects of theory and practice according to China status.Based on the theory researches at home and abroad, this paper studies plant disease management in sustainable agriculture by applying the theory of economics, plant pathology, ecology, management science and so on.The former three chapters mainly study plant disease and sustainable agriculture and their correlation. In the first chapter of this paper, the background of sustainable agriculture is reviewed, the meanings and aims of sustainable agriculture are clarified, the modes of sustainable agriculture in developing and developed countries are concluded, what’s more, ecological agriculture, intensive agriculture and efficient agriculture are introduced, the recent researches at home and abroad about sustainable agriculture are analyzed. In the second chapter, the meanings of plant disease and control are summed up; the importance of plant disease control is concluded; the current status of strategy and tactics in plant disease control are presented. As for the strategy, four strategies are summarized in the order of development; As for the tactics, six routine plant disease quarantine techniques are elicited and analyzed fully. Also, the evolution, advantages and shortages of these strategies and technologies are studied systematically. At the last of the chapter, the main problems in plant disease control are also pointed out on the basis of investigation and former study. The third chapter, dealing with the relationship ofsustainable agriculture and plant disease/control bridges the former chapters and the latter chapters.The progress of sustainable agriculture, which is conditioned by the externality of chemical control on plant disease in China, not only related with plant protection, but also with overall situation of sustainable agriculture. In chapter 4, the externalities of chemical control on plant disease are investigated from economics standpoint, and the concepts of externality and internality of chemical control on plant disease are proposed tentatively, at last the approaches of internality of chemical control on plant disease are put forward, i.e. technology innovation and institution innovation. At the end of this chapter, the merits and disadvantages of chemical control of plant disease are reviewed,the forms and sorts of externality of chemical control on plant disease are concluded and summarized.There are four entities during plant disease control period, i.e. farmer, government, enterprise, customer, whose behaviors have great effect on plant disease management in sustainable agriculture. However, neither systemic nor specific studies about the behaviors of these entities have been done. In chapter 5, the behaviors of these four entities are studied theoretically. On the side of farmer, whether they are rational or not or limited are investigated. On the side of government, governments’ behavior that farmers needed are proposed, and four revelations are acquired by comparing governments’ behavior mode of plant disease control between America and China. On the side of enterprise, some measures for optimizing enterprises’ behavior are advanced, targeting the main problems that happened in pesticide industry. On the side of customer, their three aspects —requirement, food preference and consumption habit that impacts on plant disease control are analyzed.Based on investigation, farmers’ behaviors are analyzed in chapter 6, such as behaviors on the purchase and use of pesticide, technical training and the requirement of training, comprehension and implement of IPM, knowing about harm induced by using excessive chemical pesticide. It shows that farmers’ behaviors toward plant disease control are bounded rationality, according with the opinion of chapter 5. It also shows that most of farmers apply pesticide depending on experience.pesticide salesman,kith and technician, the influence of the media of broadcast and TV is not too big.What’s more, most of farmers lack the cognition of excessive applying pesticide and self-protect measure;the consciousness of protect enviomment and safety are weakness; poisonings happen sometimes; most of farmers throw away empty bottle (bag) at random; externality of chemistry control of plant disease emerges conspicuously; pesticide application is inefficient;human health has been threatened and ecological environment has been getting worse.Changing the actuality of plant disease control should strengthen the propaganda and education to farmers and improve the farmers diathesis.In the seventh chapter, four aspects about governments’ behavior are analyzed, i.e. forecast and quarantine of plant disease, the training of farmers and personnel of plant protect, governments’ behaviors that farmer needed ,the assistance that government supplied to farmers and so on. Researches show that most of fanners have a high demand of beneficial behavior from government , government should play an important role in plant disease control. In future government should aim at three aspects:(Doptimizing the service of plant protect; ?perfecting agriculture policy and increasing agriculture funding;(3)amending legal codes and rules. The information service in plant protect that government provided is just what farmer needed highly, especially plant disease forecast, beneficial to and aiding to farmers greatly. Government should expand its servicefield and specilize its service function. The result above accords basically with the theory result of Chapter 5. Based on these results, several suggestions of increasing the efficiency of government behavior in plant disease control are brought forward.Chapter 8 studies plant disease management thoroughly and systematically, aiming at the goal of sustainable agriculture, combining the problem of the externality of chemical control over plant disease(Chapter 4) and the analysis outcome of these entities’ behaviors in plant disease control(Chapter5-7). This chapter also plays a connecting role between the preceding and the following chapters in the framework of this paper, i.e. concluding the former part and introducing the later part. In Chapter 8, the connotation and implication of plant disease management are revealed; the basic rules of plant disease management are elucidated, and the PDM system is described and analyzed systematically. Also, the relationships within this system are clarified, the functions of the ingredients in this system are explored, and soft management and hard management of plant disease are discussed. At the last of Chapter 8, several proposals of optimizing plant disease management to push sustainable agriculture are put forward, technology innovation under hard management and institution innovation under soft management are the important approaches to optimize plant disease management and propel sustainable agriculture.Technology innovation and institution innovation are two approaches to alleviate the externality of chemical control, also the important backbone for optimizing plant disease management and developing sustainable agriculture. In chapter 9, elementary search on the models of technology innovation, the importance of its application in plant disease management and the aim of technology innovation in China are explored. At the end of chapter 9 technology innovation in plant disease management is put forward, including breeding for更多还原