【作者】 郭继强；

【导师】 姚先国；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 经济学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 本文基于劳动者存在最低必需支出约束而主流经济学对这个问题没有引起重视的现实,拓展了典型劳动供给模型所描述的劳动供给曲线,并与劳动需求曲线相结合进一步考察了由此可能出现的工资和就业状况。笔者将最低必需支出约束引入经典劳动供给模型,认为经典劳动供给曲线由此将出现一个拐点,而延续拐点后的劳动供给曲线向右下方倾斜;另一方面,就拐点后的这段劳动供给曲线而言,当劳动需求不足时,劳动供求将向右下方发散失衡,直至“保留工资陷阱”。本文之所以研究这一没有引起主流经济学关注的问题,目的是希望构建起一个最低必需支出约束下劳动就业的一般理论框架,用于阐释以下一些现象和理论: 1、中国城市次级劳动力市场中的民工劳动供给问题。现阶段中国城市次级劳动力市场中存在着这样一种现象:民工的劳动供给与工资正反馈向下直至工资趋于民工的保留工资。笔者在本文的理论框架内解释了该现象,并在此基础上针对中国城市次级劳动力市场中的民工劳动供给现状进行了实证;同时,本文关于最低必需支出的分析,为改善劳动者境况拓展了理论和政策空间。 2、工资可伸缩性条件下的失业问题。主流经济学关于失业问题的研究通常偏聚于工资缺乏伸缩性的情形,而对工资可伸缩性条件下可能出现的失业则没有给予应有的关注。关于这个论题,本文依据现实中可能存在的劳动力供给和需求四种组合状态,重点研究了当需求较之于供给不足情形下的失业问题,将这种情形理解为“支出约束引致型失业”。笔者认为,这种失业在工资具有可伸缩性的情况下仍然会出现,是主流经济学没有探究过的一种失业的新类型,它通常存在于工业化初、中期国家,具有一定的普遍性;另一方面,对这种失业类型的研究可在一定程度上将刘易斯剩余劳动力无限供给模型更一般化。 3、对马克思工资及失业理论的现代经济学解读。马克思在工资和失业方面揭示了这样一种图景:工人工资趋向于工资的最低限度(劳动力价值的最低限度);由于资本主义积累规律和相对人口过剩规律的作用,在工资下降的同时,工人的失业问题也如影随形。众所周知,19世纪中后期,马克思主义革命和边际革命将传统经济学的发展一分为二;前者逐步演绎成马克思主义政治经济学,更多还原

【Abstract】 Basing on the fact that there existing minimum necessity expenditure constraint in the laborers which the mainstream economics has not paid enough attention to, this paper develops the labor supply curve describing by the canonical labor supply model, and combines it with the labor demand curve for a further research of the possible wage and employment status. The author introduces the minimum necessity expenditure constraint into the canonical labor supply model, and considers that the canonical labor supply curve will have a inflexion i.e. a turn point, and the labor supply curve after the inflexion will slope downward i.e. fall forward; on the other side, to the segment of the labor supply curve after inflexion, when there is an insufficiency of labor demand, the labor supply and demand will disperse downward through to the "reservation wage trap". The purpose that this paper analyzes the problem having not brought up the attentions of the mainstream economics, is to construct a general theory framework of labor and employment under the constraint of minimum necessity expenditure, and explains the following phenomena and theories:1. The labor supply of the rural laborers in the secondary labor market in the cities of China. Nowadays, there is such a phenomenon in the secondary labor market in the cities of China: the labor supply of the rural laborers and their wages are positive feedback downwards until to the reservation wage rate. The author explains this phenomenon in the theory framework of this paper, and on this condition, the empirical analysis of the labor supply of the rural laborers in the secondary labor market in the cities of China confined to this conclusion; at the same time, the analysis about the minimum necessity expenditure in the paper, inaugurates a new theory and policy space for improving the plight of the laborers.2. The unemployment problem under wage flexibility. The mainstream economics usually attributes the unemployment problem to the wage lacks flexibility, and has not give enough attention to the unemployment under wage flexibility. About this thesis, according as the four combination states of the labor supply and labor demand that may exist in the real world, we stress this unemployment under the demand being insufficient to the supply, and call it as "expenditure-constraint-causing unemployment". The author considers that this unemployment will also appear even if the wage is flexible, and it is a new type of unemployment that the mainstream economics has not explored. This type of unemployment has a definite universality in those countries at the beginning or medium stage of industrialization; and on the other side, the analysis in a way also can generalize the Lewis’ model of unlimited supplies of labor.3. To unscramble Marx’s wage and unemployment theory in modern economics. Marx had post such a prospect at the aspect of wage and unemployment: the laborer’s wage tends to its minimum bound (the minimum bound of labor value); because of the effect of the capitalism accumulating rule and relative overpopulation rule,更多还原