【作者】 李生才；

【导师】 贺运春；

【作者基本信息】 山西农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本文较为系统地总结了国内外节肢动物群落的研究进展,对果园节肢动物群落及天敌利用等进行了综合分析,探讨了果园节肢动物群落的研究前景。运用生态学、分类学、统计学及计算机科学等领域的知识和技术综合研究了果园节肢动物群落生态学,对山西果园节肢动物群落结构与动态、功能及主要天敌对害虫的控制作用等进行了探讨,主要结论如下: 1.于2001～2003 年对山西晋中、晋南和晋北5 类果园进行节肢动物群落结构的调查研究,共发现节肢动物178 种,分属4 纲19 目86 科,其中捕食性昆虫6 目9 科18种,捕食性蜘蛛1 目14 科68 种,寄生类2 目6 科14 种,植食类7 目49 科69 种,中性类1 目6 科6 种,其它节肢动物2 种;按照营养取食关系,将果园节肢动物群落划分为4 个亚群落,6 个功能类群。在各功能类群结构中,植食类的物种数占38.2%,是主要类群,而蜘蛛的物种数同样也占到了38.2%,是果园生态系统中的主要捕食性的天敌类群。果园主要植食类优势种是蝽科、螨类、蚜虫、蚧虫。天敌优势种为花蝽、食蚜蝇、草蛉和蜘蛛;根据2001 年调查数据,对各功能类群的数量结构、生态优势度和多样性进行了研究,果园节肢动物群落结构比较稳定,天敌自然控害效果比较明显。分析认为果园有害生物综合治理应坚持以保护利用自然天敌为主的生态控制的途径,逐步达到生态控制果园有害生物之目的。2. 研究调查山西果园节肢动物主要栖境果园杂草群落结构,共发现杂草28 科98种,杂草种类比较丰富。分析探讨了果园杂草的数量、物种丰富度及多样性变动对果园节肢动物群落的对应特征变动的影响,结果表明各果园都有不同程度的直接影响。各类果园节肢动物的第一优势种的优势度与杂草第一优势种的优势度的变化趋势都较一致。时间动态聚类结果表明,不同果园杂草和节肢动物群落时间动态变化都有不同程度的相似性。整体上从时间动态看,规律性不是很明显。3. 根据2002 年4 月～9 月在山西太谷五类果园进行节肢动物群落系统调查资料,应用最优分割法,将各果园节肢动物群落时间格局进行了划分,各果园按有序阶段均划分成三个阶段。分析探讨了各阶段群落特征、主要害虫和天敌的发生特点以及各阶段的主要优势种。应用主成分分析法,明确了各果园节肢动物群落的主导因素及起主导作用的主要害虫及天敌。4. 对苹果园蜘蛛亚群落组成及其相对多度进行了研究,经初步整理鉴定,隶属15科48 属68 种,其中43 种为山西果园新记录种,皿蛛亚科发现一新种及一未定种。种类数以皿蛛科为最多;群落的主要优势种为阴瘤胸蛛、星豹蛛、草皮逍遥蛛、鞍形花蟹蛛、红高亮腹蛛和黑斑卷叶蛛;初步分析了果园蜘蛛群落的丰富度(S)、总个体数(N)、多样性指数(H′)、均匀度(E)在时间序列上的变化;并以种类丰富度(S)、均匀性(E)和总个体数(N)作自变量,以多样性(H′)作因变量,进行多元逐步回归分析,结果表明:果树生育前期和中期,影响蜘蛛群落多样性的主要成分是均匀性,果树生长后期,影响群落多样性的主要成分是种类丰富度;时间空间分布格局的测定表明,蜘蛛类群空间分布格局均属于聚集分布。5.对中性昆虫亚群落研究结果表明,中性昆虫在各类果园节肢动物群落中所占的比例均>10%,是果园节肢动物群落结构中的重要组成部分;中性昆虫与天敌数量发生趋势相随现象明显且略早于优势种害虫,这会在一定程度上弥补天敌因跟随效应在自然控害中的不足;三类天敌同中性昆虫时间生态位研究结果表明,三类天敌同蚤蝇、水蝇、摇蚊和丽蝇从时间结构上相遇机率较大,表明这些中性昆虫对稳定果园自然天敌有积极作用;应用主成分分析评价了中性昆虫在群落中的作用,结果中性昆虫对群落的主导作用相对比较分散,可以认为它们作为一个功能团共同起主导作用;对天敌对中性昆虫混合种群数量影响效果的灰色系统分析计算得出,天敌数量与中性昆虫种群数量追随关系即关联度R(Y,Xj)排序前三位的分别为:温室希蛛>阴瘤胸蛛>细丘皿蛛。6. 通过对苹果园6 种蜘蛛4 种害虫时间生态位、空间生态位及时-空(水平垂直)三维生态位的研究,分析了苹果园优势蜘蛛及害虫对时间及空间资源的利用情况,进行了生态位宽度和重叠值的定量估计,根据三维生态位重叠值与宽度值进行了模糊聚类分析,以λ=0.8153 为聚类阈值,可将这10 类节肢动物划分为两个明显的竞争群及三个分离种。7.在实验室条件下,研究了草皮逍遥蛛对苹果黄蚜的捕食功能,分析了在不同的猎物密度、捕食者自身密度、猎物密度及自身密度的联合反应、相互干扰以及在不同温度条件对捕食功能的影响;用Holling和Hassell 方程模拟后的理论值与观察值比较接近,经卡方检验后,差异不显著(<P0.05)。说明模拟后的方程可以用来描述草皮逍遥蛛捕食功能反应的情况。8. 运用二次通用旋转组合设计统计方法,选择果园生态系统中天敌蜘蛛优势种阴瘤胸蛛(Oedothorax feminea)、星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)、鞍形花蟹蛛(Xysticus ephippiatus)、草皮逍遥蛛(Phiodromus cespitum) 及果园主要害虫苹果黄蚜(Aphis pomi De Geer) 和桃小食心虫(Carposina niponensis Walsingham) 组成多物种共存系统,探讨果园蜘蛛对优势害虫的控制作用,分析天敌之间、害虫之间以及天敌与害虫之间更多还原

【Abstract】 The advance on arthropod community was systemically reviewed in the thesis. The summary and prospect of arthropod community as well integrated pest control in orchards were summed up. According to the investigation, field and indoor trial, by using knowledge and technique of ecology, taxonomy statistics and computer etc, the results were as follows: 1. The structure and dynamics of the arthropod community in orchards was investigated, identified, classified and analyzed from 2001 to 2003 in Shanxi. 178 species belonged to 4 classes, 19 orders and 86 families were discovered in the orchards, including 18 species of predators representing 9 families, 6 orders; 68 species of spiders representing 14 families; 14 species of parasitorids presenting 6 families, 2 orders; 69 species of phytophages presenting 49 families, 7 orders; 6 species of neutralities presenting 6 families; 2 species of other arthropods. According to nutritional and feeding relationship, the arthropod community was divided into 4 sub-communities and 6 functional groups, the relative abundance of the 4 sub-communities was respectively 38.2% of phytophages, 48.42% of predators including 38.2% of spiders, 7.87% of parasitorids and 3.37% of neutralities. Dominant species of phytophages were Pentatomidae, mites, aphids and insect scales; of natural enemies were Anthocoridae, Syrphidae,Chrysopidae and spiders in apple orchards. By the analysis of number dynamics, ecological dominance and diversity of the functional groups, the results showed that the structure of arthropod communities in the orchards was relatively stable. It was obvious that natural enemies were able to control pests effectively. 2. The structure of weed communities in orchards which many arthropods dwelled was studied, and there were 98 species belonged to 28 families in apple orchard. The temporal dynamics of individual number, species abundance and diversity of both weed and arthropod communities were dealt with, and it was also analyzed that the arthropod communities characteristics index were affected by the corresponding index of weed communities, and the change trend of the first and second dominant species both weed and arthropod communities in all of five kinds of orchards were similar. The cluster analysis indicated that there existed similarity on the time dynamics of weed and arthropod communities in various orchards to some extent, however not very significant. 3. Investigation from April to Sept. 2002 on structure and temporal dynamics in the orchards were conducted with the optical sorting methods and principal component analysis. The results showed that three stages according to the time sequence and the distinguishing feature of fruit trees’development were divided, as well as major characteristics and occurrence dynamics of each stage was revealed. the dominant pests and natural enemies in each stage and their predominant role in arthropod communities of orchards were clear and definite. 4 The structure and relative abundance of spider sub-community of apple orchard were carried out, After primarily classification and authenticating in lab, there were 68 species belong to 48 geneses, 15 families, and among them 43 species were new record in Shanxi . The dominant species in apple orchards were Oedothorax feminea, Pardosa astrigera,Phiodromus cespitum,ysticus ephippiatus. Change of time pattern of the species richness(s), total individual number(n), index of diversity(h), and evenness(e) were preliminarily studied by using multiple stepwise regression analysis, the results showed that in early and medium-term of growth of apple tree, the main factor affecting the diversity of spiders was evenness and in lopper it was the species richness. Calculation result of spatial pattern for time, space and three dimension(time-vertical and level space) showed that the spatial pattern of spiders in apple orchards all belonged to aggregated distributions. 5.the study of neutral insect sub-community was carried out, it was showed that neutral insect whose relative abundance was more than 10% was one of important parts and playing an undoubtedly role in the arthropod community of orchards. Meanwhile, the occurrence tendency of the neutral insect which accompany with the occurrence of natural enemy was somewhat earlier than the dominant pest, which could, to some extent, make up with the defect of natural enemies who take place always behind the pests in the natural situation. The study on time niche among three natural enemies and neutral insects showed that encounter opportunity of three natural enemies to Chironomidae, Phoridaec, Ephydridae and Calliphoridae in time sequences was larger. And That is to say, the neutral insect has active effect to maintain the population of natural enemies in the orchard. The principal component analysis was used to explore the neural insect’s function in the community, a conclusion was drawn that predominant effect of neutral insects was more scattered and they played the role by the functional group. Through the calculation of grey更多还原