【作者】 兰涛；

【导师】 曹卫星；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 近年来,我国小麦单产水平提高很快,但品质并未有明显的改善,严重制约着我国优质小麦生产和市场竞争力的提高。优质小麦的生产取决于优质的基因型、适宜的生态环境和配套的栽培技术。因此,深入研究基因型与生态环境对小麦籽粒品质形成的影响对于丰富小麦品质生态理论、发展小麦品质调优技术等具有重要意义。本文选用不同的专用小麦品种类型,基于不同的生态地域尺度范围,并通过不同的播期试验和严格的控温生态试验,较系统地研究了小麦籽粒品质形成的基因型与生态效应,并从碳、氮运转分配的角度初步分析了生态因子对小麦品质调控效应的生理机制。主要研究结果如下: 在江苏省选择6个代表性小麦生态点,选用大面积推广的7个不同品质类型的专用小麦品种,研究了小麦籽粒品质性状的生态变异特点。发现除籽粒淀粉含量不受环境主效应的影响外,其余各品质性状均受基因型和环境主效应以及二者互作效应的显著影响。籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉降落值受基因型和环境主效应的影响相近,而其余品质指标的基因型主效应明显大于环境效应。表明在区域化优质小麦生产中,品质的遗传改良和生态区划都有非常重要的意义。在盐都试验点,仅建麦1号的品质性状满足弱筋小麦品质的要求,其它品种的品质性状更接近于中筋品质的要求,而徐州26在徐州点表现出中强筋小麦的品质特性,但在海安点则更接近弱筋小麦的品质要求。这表明,不同品种在不同生态点品质性状的表现趋势不同, 选用6个不同品质类型小麦品种,在黄淮海和长江下游冬麦区4个代表性生态点进行分期播种试验,系统分析不同生态环境下小麦籽粒产量与品质的变异特征及其与主要气候生态因子间的关系。发现生态点、品种以及地点×品种互作对籽粒产量、千粒重、蛋白质、湿面筋和淀粉含量、沉降值与降落值的影响均达到显著水平:不同播期处理对产量与淀粉含量的影响达到极显著水平,而播期×品种互作对千粒重、降落值、淀粉含量及沉降值的效应达到显著水平;地点×播期×品种互作仅对产量、湿面筋、淀粉含量与沉降值有显著的影响。在4个不同生态点中,南京点的籽粒蛋白质与湿面筋含量最低,但淀粉含量最高;徐州点的产量和千粒重最大;泰安点的蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量最高,沉降值最小:保定点的产量、千粒重最小,但沉降值最大。不同播期处理下,适播与晚播的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、淀粉含量、沉降值与降落值都显著高于早播,而早播期的产量和千粒重最大。各小麦品种在不同地点与播期下产量与品质性状的变异中以降落值的变异系数为最大,淀粉的变异为最小。开花至成熟期的日均温与淀粉含更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat yield has increased significantly in recent years, yet wheat quality is not simultaneously improved in China. This severely influences production of superior quality wheats and improvement of marketing competitiveness of wheat industry. Quality formation of wheat depends on superior genotype, suitable environment and effective management. Thus, full investigations into the impact of genotype and eco-environment on wheat grain quality are of substantial importance for enriching wheat quality ecology and developing regulation technology of superior wheat production. In the present study, several experiments were conducted under different ecological environments and different sowing dates with the different cultivar types, and genotypic and ecological effects on grain quality formation, inter-relationships and underlying mechanisms were analyzed in the view of accumulation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in wheat plant. The main results are summarized as follows.In Jiangsu Province, seven typical specialty winter wheat cultivars were sown at six representative ecological sites to investigate the variation in grain quality traits of different cultivars under different environments. All wheat quality traits were significantly affected by the main effects of genotype and environment, and the interactive effects between genotype and environment, except that grain starch content was not affected by the environment. The main effects of genotype on grain protein content and flour falling number were similar to those of environment, but were greater on the other quality traits than those of environment. It was indicated that both genetic improvement and intensive eco-zoning in grain quality were of importance for production of superior specialty wheats in Jiangsu Province. Also, different performances of grain quality traits were not unique at different environments. At Yandu, Jianmai 1 was the only variety qualified for weak gluten wheat, and the others were qualified for mid gluten wheat. Xuzhou 26 expressed mid to strong gluten quality at Xuzhou, but weak gluten quality at Hai’an. This indicates that theexpression of wheat quality in different varieties varies with eco-site, which leads to varied eco-zoning conclusions.Four representative eco-sites were selected in the Huang Huai Hai (3-H) Plain and Lower Yanzi River Plain to study the variation of yield and quality traits under different environments and its relationships with the major climatic factors during grain filling, by using six wheat genotypes differing in grain quality and using different sowing dates. Ecological condition (E), variety (V) and their interaction (EX V) had significant impact on grain yield, thousand kernels weight, contents of grain protein, wet gluten and starch, sedimentation volume, and falling number. At the four experiment sites, sowing dates (S) had highly significant effects on yield and starch content in spite of environment. The interaction of V XS significantly affected thousand kernels weight, falling number, starch content and sedimentation volume, and the interaction of E X V X S was also significant on yield, contents of wet gluten and starch and sedimentation volume. For four different eco-sites, the lowest protein and wet gluten content and the highest starch content were shown in Nanjing, the highest yield and thousand kernels weight were in Xuzhou,, the highest protein and wet gluten contents and lowest sedimentation value were in Tai’an , and the lowest yield and thousand kernels weight and highest sedimentation value were in Baoding. The contents of protein, wet gluten and starch, sedimentation value, and falling number under optimal and late sowing dates were all higher than those under early sowing date, which produced the highest yield and thousand kernels weight. For six different genotypes, the CV of falling number was largest and that of starch content was smallest under different eco-sites and sowing dates. Starch content was negatively linearly correlated, while grain yield, contents of grain protein and we更多还原