【作者】 牛灵安；

【导师】 郝晋珉；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 本文以系统理论为基础,以三个时间段(1980、1993、2003年)的土壤调查、多年环境监测、和实地调查为依据、应用GIS和GPS技术,从时间和空间上系统地分析了邯郸市土地利用系统中主要营养元素的分布规律及其对系统稳定性的影响;应用污染指数法和秩相关系数法对影响土地利用系统稳定性、结构和功能的环境要素进行了系统分析;应用灰预测模型对系统内输入和输出物的数量及其对系统稳定性进行了预测,得出如下结论: 1、1980年以来,由于土地比较利益差异和国家政策的调整,邯郸市土地利用系统构成发生了明显的变化:耕地和牧草地占土地总面积的比重下降,而居民点及工矿用地等则增加。 2、土地利用系统中有机质、全氮含量从1980年以来表现为西高东低,有含量稳步提高和含量级别逐步减少的趋势,并且与单位面积供养人口有明显的相关性。碱解氮含量也表现为西高东低的趋势,但随着年限的延长逐步淡化。在时间上,碱解氮含量波动较大,与单位面积供养人口有一定的相关性。 3、23年的农业作业使土地利用系统磷素的自组织发生了很大的变化:磷素含量从无序到有序、从取决于母质到主要取决于农业综合措施。在空间上:从不规则的点状分布,逐步过渡到区域分布明显;在时间上,其经历了逐步提高和级别减少的趋势。 4、二十世纪80年代,全钾含量较高且呈片状分布,并随母质类型而不同。在空间上,速效钾从1980年的斑块状、区域性不明显的状况,逐步过渡到2003年的区域性分布很明显的状况。从时间上来讲,从1980年到1993年速效钾含量急剧下降,而从1993年到2003年,各县速效钾含量有增有减。秸秆还田配合施用化学钾肥可以从根本上解决钾素的减少。 5、总硬度污染是城区地下水的首要污染物,有逐年增加的趋势。从区域上来看,西部及西南部地下水质较好,适于集中式生活饮用水水源及工农业用水。中部有一定程度的污染,丧失了其饮用的功能。东部是邯郸市污染严重的地区,其水质都在Ⅳ类～Ⅴ类之间,并且表现出距离河道越近污染越严重的现象。滏阳河有污染加重的趋势;漳河、卫河、岳城水库和东武仕水库污染加重或减轻的趋势均不明显。曲周县环境质量总体上是安全的,仅在局部地区污染指数达到了0.7<P_j≤1.0。 6、目前的施肥量基本可以满足作物的需要。作物所需要的养分基本上是由肥料提供的,不会对土地利用系统产生耗竭影响。经预测,如果没有大的政策和产业结构调整,2010年邯郸市粮食产量可以满足邯郸市人口的需要,并有一定量的外运余额。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis reports the results of a systematic analysis of the distribution of major nutrients in different land use systems in Handan, Hebei Province, China. This analysis was based on data collected in soil surveys conducted in 1980,1993 and 2003; data from environmental monitoring over many years; and data from specific investigations using GIS and GPS.The mix of land use in Handan has changed significantly, with arable and herbage land areas decreasing, and residential, mining, transport, forest, fallow and gardon land areas increasing.The soil organic matter content and total nitrogen in the land use systems are high in the western part and low in eastern part of Handan, and are showing an increasing trend from 1980 to 2003. The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen fluctuated without showing obvious trends.The total soil phosphorus varied depending on the parent material prior to the 1980s, but has since been strongly influenced by cultivation and management practices over the past 23 years. Rapidly available phosphorus has also changed both spatially and temporarily as a result of land use activities, tending towards similar levels.Total soil potassium was high prior to the 1980’s and was closely related to parent material. The spatial distribution has changed reflecting land use activities between 1980 and 2003. Rapidly available potassium decreased significantly from 1980 to 1993, and fluctuated from 1993 to 2003. The use of chemical potassium fertilizer and straw incorporation can prevent this decline.The main environmental concern is the increase of total hardness of water. The quality of groundwater is good and suitable for drinking and irrigation in the west and southwest of Handan. However, the groundwater has been polluted to various degrees by sulphate, cations, nitrate, and are not suitable for drinking in central part of Handan. The east part of Handan is the worst polluted, where the water quality has reached the types of Ⅳ~Ⅴ with the main pollutants being nitrate, sulphate, total hardness, chloride, fluoride. The pollution becomes worse closer to the river. Fuyang river is increasingly polluted, but there is no obvious trend in Zhanghe river, Weihe river, Yuecheng reservoir, and Dongwushi reservoir. Overall, the environmental quality is good in Quzhou county, which is located in the east part of Handan. The most single and complicating index of pollution do not exceed 0.7, but in a few places they are 0.7<P_j≤1.0.Annual rainfall has influenced the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen in the land use systems. The higher the rainfall, the higher the soil organic matter and total nitrogen. Similarly, contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and rapidly available potassium are also related to rainfall, with them being higher in higher rainfall areas. Nutrient requirements of the crops can be satisfied by the application of fertilizers and the grain production can more than meet the demand of the population of the Handan region.更多还原