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朱德军事思想研究

On Zhu De’s Military Thoughts

【作者】 王安平

【导师】 陈廷湘;

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 , 专门史, 2004, 博士

【摘要】 在中国共产党的领袖群体中,朱德是称得上军事家的伟人之一。他曾任红军总司令、八路军总司令、人民解放军总司令。位居中华人民共和国十大元帅之首,在创建人民军队、指挥革命战争和领导新中国建设的漫长岁月中,把马列主义军事原理和中国革命与建设实际相结合,从理论和实践上创立了具有时代特征和中国特色的军事思想。但因其一生功高不自居,德高不自显,位高不自私,以及1959年庐山会议以后,在党内、军内受到错误批判,使他一生中最宝贵的军事思想未引起人们的足够重视,学术界对其研究十分薄弱。这与朱德对人民军队、中国革命和毛泽东军事思想的贡献极不相称,因此,加强朱德军事思想的系统研究就显得尤为必要和迫切。笔者在认真研读《朱德选集》、《朱德年谱》、《朱德军事活动纪事》、《朱德军事文选》、《朱德传》、《解放日报》、《群众》、《解放》、《八路军军政杂志》、《八一杂志》、《人民日报》和《中共中央文件选集》,以及有关文献、资料和论著的基础上,对朱德军事思想进行了较为全面的分析和探讨。 朱德军事思想的产生不是偶然的,它有着特殊的社会历史条件。20世纪前中期战争与革命成为时代主题,各种矛盾斗争异常激烈,中国武装的革命反对武装的反革命的需要,是朱德军事思想产生、形成的时代背景;马列主义军事理论,日本、德国、苏联等国军事理论和中国古代军事思想,是朱德军事思想的主要理论来源:从1909年考入云南陆军讲武堂到50年代的长期的军事实践,是朱德军事思想产生、形成的实践基础;从戎救国的远大志向和良好的个人素质,是朱德军事思想产生、形成的主观条件。 马克思指出,要消灭阶级统治和阶级压迫,实现人民大众的自身解放和社会的根本变革,其主要途径是以暴力革命砸碎旧的国家机器,实行无产阶级专政,而无产阶级专政的首要条件就是创建和建设无产阶级的军队。中国共产党依据中国的传统和现实情况,把武装夺取政权确定为革命的中四川大学博士学位论文心任务和最高形式。为创立和建设一支符合中国革命战争实际的人民军队,朱德将马列军事理论与中国的特殊国情和战争具体实际相结合,在领导和指挥中国革命战争的漫长岁月中,经过长期武装斗争的不断探索和对丰富治军经验的总结,不仅创立了一支中国共产党直接领导下的人民军队,而且从理论与实践的结合上制定和提出了从人民出发为人民服务的建军原则;中国共产党是军队的绝对领导者;明确提出政治工作是人民军队的生命线;坚持民主集中制原则和执行铁的纪律;练兵要练智力、体力和技术等思想。成功地解决了在长期处于分散的农村游击战争的环境里,如何把以农民为主要成分的革命军队建设成为一支无产阶级性质的、具有严格纪律的、同人民群众保持血肉联系的新型人民军队的问题。 为广泛地动员和有效地依靠民众进行人民战争,朱德系统论述了人民战争的实践主体、力量源泉和正确实行人民战争的一系列重大原则问题。他认为,人民群众是社会实践的主体,战争的力量源泉来自于人民群众,进行人民战争的关键就是要贯彻党的群众路线,坚定地把人民群众作为革命战争的铜墙铁壁。因为革命战争是群众的战争,战争的伟力之最深厚的根源,存在于民众之中,只有动员、依靠群众才能进行战争,只有同群众密切结合在一起,才能对外有效地保_卫祖国,对内有效地保卫人民的民主自由权利。同时,不同的政治基础又决定着战争政治指导的不同。中国革命战争是在二十世纪上半期半殖民地半封建中国进行的一场大规模的人民战争,它是为了粉碎帝国主义的侵略,争取民族独立和解放,反对半封建社会的反动统治者,争取人民的解放的正义战争。战争的正义性和进步性,又决定了在参加人民革命战争的群体中,包括有不同的阶级、阶层、集团和派别,为广泛动员和组织民众积极参加和全力支援革命战争,就必须围绕武装斗争,在不同的战争阶段进行不同的政治经济改革,给民众以充分的民主权利,改善民众生活,使战争成为真正的人民战争,从而保证战争的胜利。这是实行人民战争的主要根据和政治基础。为动员、组织和武装民众,发挥人民战争整体战略威力,朱德强调指出,必须建立主力兵团与地方兵团相结合,正规军和游击队、民兵相结合,武装群众与非武装群众相结合的“三结合”的武装力量体制。唯其如此才能夺取人民战争的胜利。 中国革命战争的重要特征是敌强我弱,敌大我小,这种特殊的历史环 lI四川大学博士学位论文境决定了弱小的人民军队,要以小克大,以弱胜强,夺取革命战争的胜利,就必须制定正确的战略和灵活的战术。朱德在二十多年的革命战争中,从各个革命历史时期的实际和特点出发,审时度势,运筹帷握,创造性地提出了一整套合乎中国革命战争特殊规律的以弱胜强的辩证的人民战争的战略战术。如根据战况变化制订战略方针;依据敌情变动确定战术原则;参照战争要素实施游击战术;依照辩证法则灵活机动用兵;有什么枪打什么仗,对什么敌人打什么仗,在什么时间地点打什么时间地点的仗的唯物主义用兵方法。与此同时,朱德还运用马克思主义的唯物辩证法

【Abstract】 In Communist Party of China’s leaders’ colony, Zhu De is one of the great men who deserves to be called the military strategist. As the only generalissimo of the Red Army, the Eighth Rout Army and the People’s Liberation Army, he ranks the top of ten marshals. On the basis of Marxism-Leninism and the revolution and construction in China Marshal Zhu’s military thoughts are featured with the times and Chinese nation. .However , owing to his modesty in life and wrong criticism of him in the Party and the army after Lu Shan Conference in 1959 , little attention has been paid to his valuable military thoughts, and the academic circles have not studied them fully, which doesn’t match with Zhu De’s contribution to people’s army , Chinese revolution and Mao Zedong’s military thoughts .Therefore , it is necessary and urgent to strengthen the systematic research on Zhu De’s military thoughts .The author has made a comprehensive analysis and probe into Zhu De’s military thoughts based on exhaustive reading The Selected Works of Zhu De , The Chronicle of Zhu De’s Life , The Record Events of Zhu De s Military Actions ,The Selected Works of Zhu De’s Military Affairs ,The Biography of Zhu De, Liberation Daily , Masses, Liberation, Military Affairs and Politics of the Eight Rout Army, Aug. 1s’ Magazine, People Daily and The Selected Works of Chinese Communist Party and the Central Authorities and other related documents ,data ,and books .The birth of Zhu De’s military thoughts are not fortuitous, on the contrary, theyare formulated in a special social and historical environment. Fraught with wars and revolutions, the early and middle 20th century witnessed various kinds of intense contradictions ,of which the armed revolution opposing the armed counterrevolution provided the background for Zhu’s military thoughts. The military theories in Marxism-Leninism, the military theories in Japan ,Germany ,the Soviet Union etc. and the Chinese ancient military thoughts were the theoretical sources of Zhu De’s military thoughts .The prolonged military practice from the time Zhu De entered Jiang Wu School in Yun Nan Army in 1909 to 1950s laid a practical basis for the production and formation of his military thoughts .The long-cherished ambition for joining the army to save the nation , his excellent quality and good human relationships served as the subjective and objective conditions of the production and formation of Zhu De’s military thoughts .Marx points out that in order to eradicate the government and the oppression of social class and realize the mass liberation and the fundamental transformation of the society, the main channel is to pulverize the old state apparatus and achieve proletarian dictatorship. However, the first condition of proletarian dictatorship is to set up and construct a proletarian army .In the old semi-colonial and semi-feudal China ,the central task and the highest form of the revolution could only be to wrest the political power by arms .In order to set up and construct a people’s army that is suitable to the reality of Chinese revolutionary war ,Zhu De combines the military theories of Marxism-Leninism with the condition of China and the particular practice of the war .On the basis of that ,Zhu De not only sets up a people’s army that is directly led by Chinese Communist Party ,but also formulates and defines some important ideas: the purpose to serve the people, Chinese Communist Party as the absolute leader of the army ,political work as the army’s lifeline, insistence on the principle of democratic centralism and carry-out of strict disciplines, the needto train the soldiers’ intelligence ,physical strength and skill, etc. Zhu’s thoughts successfully solve the problems of how to turn a revolutionary army that is largely composed of farmers into a people’s new army and of how to keep a close relation with the masses.In order to extensively mobilize and effectively depend on the masses , Zhu De systematically expounds upon the main practical body ,the energy source of people’s war and a series of important p

【关键词】 Zhu DeMilitary thoughtStudy
【Key words】 Zhu DeMilitary thoughtStudy
  • 【网络出版投稿人】 四川大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2005年 02期
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