节点文献
高等学校分类的理论与实践
Theory and Practice on Classification of Higher Education Institutions
【作者】 曹赛先;
【导师】 沈红;
【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 , 高等教育学, 2004, 博士
【摘要】 高等学校分类是指根据高等学校的共同点和差异点,采用一定的标准和方法,依据一定的分类原则,对高等学校进行全面、系统的划分与归类。近几年来,高等学校分类日渐成为高等教育研究的热点。高等学校分类不仅是一个理论问题,也是一个实践问题。科学合理的高等学校分类,利于实现政府对高等学校的宏观管理与分类指导,利于高等学校准确定位、面向社会自主办学、培育和发展自己的特色,也利于社会各界了解和监督高等学校。高等学校分类是一个世界性的难题。世界各国都有自己独特的高等教育系统和高等学校类型,也有自己独特的高等学校分类。为了回应社会的变化以及人们多样化的高等教育需求,高等学校的变化日新月异,这要求高等学校分类也反映出这些变化和发展。因此,从这一角度说,高等学校分类并不是一劳永逸的,而是处在动态变化之中的。研究这一不断变化的问题,使之更好地反映高等学校类型的变化,更好地为高等学校的发展服务具有非常重要的理论意义和实践意义。本文共由六章组成:第 1 章为绪论,阐述了问题提出的缘由,对已有的高等学校分类的文献做了综述,并且论述了研究意义、研究方法和研究思路。第 2 章首先考察了高等学校的源头——中世纪大学的发展及分类情况,接着分国别研究了法国、德国、英国、澳大利亚、日本、美国等几个高等教育发达国家的高等学校类型发展情况及高等学校分类情况。研究发现,高等学校类型的变化与社会发展状况之间呈现出相互制约、相互渗透和相互促进的关系,各国的高等学校分类与它们的国情和高等教育实践紧密相连。第 3 章从高等学校类型发展的角度透视了中国现代高等学校的发展轨迹,系统介绍和评述了我国已有的高等学校分类,不仅对官方的分类进行了归整,也详细地介绍了研究人员提出的高等学校分类设想,并系统地分析了当前我国高等学校分类中存在的诸多问题。第 4 章循着“类——分类——高等学校分类”的思路梳理了相关分类理论,从区分高等学校分类、高等教育分类、高等学校设置以及高等学校评价和排名入手,揭示了高等学校分类的真正内涵;从高等学校职能、资源配置、知识分化和社会需求等多个视角探析了高等学校分类的一些理论问题;从分析高等学校类型的发展性、相对性和综合性等特征入手,指出高等学校分类也是相对的、动态的和发展的;本章还指出对不同的高等学校类型赋予恰当的名称是高等学校分类中的一个难点,并且分类过程 I<WP=4>中会面临事实描述与价值判断、精确性与模糊性、标准一元化与标准多元化、规定性标准与形成性标准、稳定性与权宜性、分层与分类等诸多矛盾,进而指出做好高等学校分类也需要一些保障条件。第 5 章为中国高等学校提出了一个多维动态的分类框架,从学科覆盖、学校职能、学位授予、服务面向、办学规模、资源获取等多个维度对中国高等学校进行了粗略的分类构想,使中国高等学校的多样性得以完整地呈现出来,并且指出根据不同的分类需要可以选择不同的维度对高等学校类型进行分析。然而,拥有科学完善的分类框架并不等于就能实现高等学校的分类发展,因此本章还对我国高等学校的分类发展提出了一些政策建议,指出要有珍视多样的态度、实现不同类型的高等学校之间的连接与沟通、帮助不同类型的高等学校准确定位、落实高等学校的办学自主权,从而最终实现高等学校的多样化及同类型高等学校的集群化发展。第 6 章为结束语,陈述了本研究的主要结论、研究的创新之处和不足。本文的创新之处在于对高等学校分类进行了系统的理论探讨,多国别地研究了高等学校类型的发展及分类经验,详细分析了中国高等学校类型的发展及中国已有的高等学校分类实践,从多个视角探析了高等学校分类的理论基点,并深入剖析了高等学校分类中的七对矛盾,最后提出了一个多维动态的高等学校分类框架。高等学校分类研究是一个常做常新的课题,它必将吸引更多的研究者对它予以关注。本文设计的分类框架,可以作为其他研究者研究相同或相近问题的分析基础。
【Abstract】 The classification of higher education institutions (HEIs) means dividing and groupingthe HEIs according to both their common features and different characteristics in acomprehensive and systematic manner; in this process, some standards will be established,some methods will be resorted to and some principles should be abided by. In recent years,classification of HEIs has gradually become a hot spot in higher education research.Actually it is not only a theoretical problem, but also a very practical problem. Scientificand reasonable classification of HEIs can help the government to guide the HEIs in amacroscopic and differentiated way, help the HEIs to find their correct orientations,cultivate their own special features and operate themselves autonomously in better responseto the society, and it can also help all circles in the society to better understand the HEIsand supervise the HEIs as well. Classification of HEIs is a difficult problem throughout the world. Every county in theworld has its own higher education system, its special types of HEIs and unique ways toclassify the HEIs. In order to adjust to the social changes and people’s diversified demandson higher education, HEIs have to keep changing all the time; therefore the classification ofHEIs have to reflect all these changes. In this sense, the classification of HEIs is by nomeans something which can be done once and for ever, but always changing and dynamic.The research into this ever-changing problem is quite important both theoretically andpractically, because it can better reveal the evolution of the types of HEIs and also enhancethe development of HEIs. This dissertation consists of 6 chapters: Chapter 1 is the introduction. In this chapter, the reasons of choosing this topic areexpatiated, all relative literature on the research of HEIs classification is reviewed, thesignificance, methodology and paths of research are also analyzed. Chapter 2 first takes a look at the development and classification of universities in theMiddle Ages, as we all know the universities in the Middle Ages are considered to be theorigin of modern HEIs; then the chapter probes into the development and classification ofHEIs in those countries with advanced higher education: France, Germany, the UnitedKingdom, Australia, Japan and the United States. The research reveals that there exists arelationship of mutual restriction, mutual penetration and mutual enhancement between the III<WP=6>evolution of the types of HEIs and social development. The classification of HEIs in eachcountry is also closely related to the country’s conditions and higher education practice. Chapter 3 explores into the development of modern Chinese HEIs with a special focuson the evolution of the types of HEIs. By introducing and commenting both the officialclassification and the classification made by the researchers, the real problems in theclassification of HEIs in China are also revealed. Chapter 4 first looks into some of the classification theories and narrows the researchscope “from type to classification, and then to classification of HEIs”; then differentiatesthe classification of HEIs from the classification of higher education, the establishment ofHEIs, and the assessment and ranking of HEIs so as to identify the real essence of theclassification of HEIs; then some theoretical problems of the classification of HEIs arediscussed from the perspectives of functions of HEIs, resource distribution, knowledgedifferentiation and social demands; this chapter holds the idea that the types of HEIs arealways subject to changes, and they are relative and comprehensive as well; as a matter offact, it is a very difficult task to give each type of HEIs a special name; and in the processof classifying the HEIs, several pairs of contradictions have to be dealt with, they are: thecontradiction between fact description and value judgment, the contra