【作者】 张超；

【导师】 张建华；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 西方经济学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 新区域主义以及全球主义的发展是当前和未来人类经济、社会、政治发展的主要趋势。两次世界大战后,全球形成资本主义以及社会主义两大阵营的意识形态对立,在世界经济格局中区域主义发展进展很有限,以关税和贸易总协定为代表的全球主义发展是主流趋势。直至20世纪90年代,国际社会进入后冷战时期,面对全球市场的剧烈竞争,新区域主义才形成当前国际经济关系发展的主流。目前世界三大区域合作组织分别为:欧洲联盟、北美自由贸易区、亚太经济合作组织。三者之中,以欧盟的整合历时最久,一体化程度亦最成熟,不仅已实现了人员、商品、劳务、资本自由移动的统一目标,还建立了统一的货币体系;不仅建立了经济一体化组织,还形成了政治和安全联盟。在美洲,北美自由贸易区的正在向整个拉美地区扩散,有望于2005年底建立美洲自由贸易区。而东亚,由于一直存在以APEC为纽带的亚太一体化和以建立东亚经济一体化为目标的东亚一体化两条路线之争,使新区域主义在东亚的发展远远落后于欧美。本文以新区域主义的兴起和在东亚的发展为研究对象,摆脱了传统的经济一体化理论局限于福利效应的束缚,从历史的角度,对区域主义的兴起、衰退和复兴进行了回顾,指出了共同利益的平衡、制度安排和竞争机制的相互协调、成员国权利与义务的平衡、适合的发展模式是区域主义发展取得成功的基础。冷战后,随着国际政治经济格局的巨大转变,由于美国经济的相对衰落、新保护主义的兴起、世界经济多极化趋势加强以及欧共体的示范效应,以发达国家和发展中国家的经济联合、合作领域不断扩大为特征的新区域主义逐渐形成潮流,开始迅速向全球的各个角落扩散,使当代世界经济的发展呈现全球主义与区域主义两大主要趋势处在复杂和多种矛盾交织的相互作用之中。全球主义推动了世界不同国家的政治关系、社会经济关系以及文化关系的改善和发展,加快了商品、劳务和资本的流动,使世界各国经济的相互依赖程度显著加深。作为对全球主义在世界范围内发展不平衡的回应,新区域主义可以部分抵消全球主义的负面效应并削减其成本,有助于通过相对稳定的制度化联合组织形式减少极端的民族利益对有关国家政府产生的影响并采取更为平衡的国内外经济政策。但前提是新区域主义应保障发展水平较低的国家有利可图地参与包括世界经济主要中心在内的区域一体化进程,灵活地根据不同国家发展水平和条件,选择适合的发展模式。新区域主义的<WP=5>实践表明,它是处于经济发展水平不同的国家缩小发展差距的有效途径。就东亚而言,由于伴随欧美区域主义发展的新保护主义势力的兴起、全球多边贸易谈判受阻、以及东亚金融危机的冲击下,东亚经济非制度性合作已经不能适应世界和区域经济格局发生的巨大变化。加之东亚各国纷纷利用后发优势展开竞争,在产业发展水平上不断趋近,区域内产业间互补性减弱,竞争性加强,彼此间发生贸易摩擦的潜在可能性增大。东亚经济格局的巨大变迁客观上要求东亚各经济体通过新区域主义在东亚的深入发展来积极探索东亚经济发展的新模式,避免丧失在全球性经济竞争中的地区优势和合作中的主动权。但在东亚内部多极化趋势、美国试图维护世界以及区域霸权的趋势以及多边合作趋势的共同作用下,东亚呈现出东亚经济一体化进程相对缓慢,而不同形式、不同层次的新区域主义组织发展则非常活跃的局面。由于东亚新区域主义的兴起和发展环境与欧美存在很大差异,建立东亚经济一体化组织必须坚持“市场+制度”来探索不同于欧美的发展模式。通过采取局部静态均衡的分析方法表明,活跃的双边和次区域经济合作网络格局的形成将有力地推动东亚经济一体化的进程。东亚经济一体化已不仅仅是一个区域的内部事务,也不是简单的国家与市场互动的问题。它涉及到同一个区域内的中日两个主要大国之间定位和作用问题,一个崛起的“挑战者”和世界霸权的关系问题。东亚经济一体化的建立不仅有助于21世纪的东亚的振兴和共同繁荣,也将对整个地区的经济、政治、社会有着深远的影响,并在相对公正、平衡发展的全球多边经济体系的建设过程中发挥积极作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of new regionalism and globalism is the trend of contemporary economy, society and politics at present and in the future. After two world wars, the opposition of ideology between capitalist and socialist camp appeared in the world, the globalism represented by the GATT made much greater progress than the regionalism in the world economy structure. The fierce competition all over the world promoted the new regionalism as the mainstream till the world entered the post cold war of early 1990s. The three largest regional cooperation organizations in the world are European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization (APEC), of which EU is more integrated with a longer history. Not only is the buildup of united market for the free access of personnel, goods, labor and capital, but also the united monetary system. At the same time, EU is a politics and security union as well. In America, the NAFTA established by US, Canada and Mexico is now spreading towards the entire Latin America. The Free Trade Area of America (FTAA) is expected to come to birth by the end of 2005. However, the development of new regionalism in East Asia lags far more behind than in the Europe and America, partly caused by the existing struggle between the sorts of regionalism featured by the development of APEC and the goal for the East Asia economy integration. The article about the rise of new regionalism and its development in East Asia reviews the rise, decay and revive of regionalism during the past fifty years in the perspective of history without the restriction of traditional welfare analysis. It is pointed out that the success of regionalism depends on the harmony of common interest, the coordination of institution arrangement and competition mechanics, the balance of rights and responsibilities and the proper development pattern. After the cold war, the new regionalism, featured by the economical combination between the developed and developing countries as well as the deepening of cooperation, has been popular with the great transformation of world economy and politics situation as the result of the relatively decline of US economy, the rise of new protectionism, the strengthening of multi-pole tendency and the paradigm of EU. Therefore, the world economy is thrown into the interaction between the complicated and contradictive trends. Globalism promotes the improvement of international relationship of politics, socio-economy and culture, as well as the liquidity of goods, labor and capital with making the different countries more interdependent. As a response to the non-balance development of globalism, new regionalism may offset partial negative effects and cut <WP=7>down the costs of globalism, helping to reduce the influence of extreme national interest on the government, on the condition that the developing countries are ensured to join in the beneficial regional integrating process involved by the main world economy centre, and to choose the proper development pattern according to the development level and conditions respectively. The practice of new regionalism shows that it could be proved an effective approach to fill the gap between developed and developing countries.As for East Asia, influenced by the rise of new protectionism with the regional integration in Europe and America, the impeded multilateral free trade negotiation, the shock of East Asia financial crisis, the traditional non-institutionalized cooperation has been not suitable for the great change in the world and regional economy. What is more, the development of industry among East Asia countries has shown the similarity accompanied in industry structure by the less complement and more competition. The potential mutual trade friction is more possible than ever before. The East Asia countries are demanded to explore positively the new pattern of regional cooperation by the evolvement of East Asia economy situation, to avoid losing regional advantages and initiatives in the global econom更多还原