【作者】 张彭松；

【导师】 万俊人；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 伦理学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 “乌托邦”(utopia)是人们对不可能最终实现的、终极性的社会理想状态的一种总体性构想或设计,代表着人类对某种社会理想的目的性追求和期待。按照乌托邦的社会理想来建构现实社会,容易使人们陷入乌托邦主义的实践狂热中,专制与独裁是其必然结局,然而,完全拒斥乌托邦又会使人类的社会理想失去超越性、终极性和总体性,展现出来的就是一片平庸不堪和绝望无计的“荒漠”。有了必要的乌托邦想象,历史未来的终极性视野才会向我们展现和澄明,它使人不会停留在无限历史的任何一个固定点上而将历史的片断永恒化,也不会完全满足于任何一个时代的既定现实状况。乌托邦是西方传统社会人的一种超越性的智慧和创造,它往往预示着一个旧时代的结束、一个新时代的来临,是一个社会能够自我更新、自我反思的一种内在的动力机制。尽管乌托邦是美好的,但由于它没有找到自身得以存在的合理基础,使人们常常把乌托邦和乌托邦的社会运动相混淆,使后者造成的灾难却转嫁到前者身上,从而使人们美好的愿望反过来又变成制约和限制人本身的一个“怪物”。马克思的实践本体论实现了对乌托邦理论的辩证综合,在继承了乌托邦理论对超越于既定现实的终极性社会理想追求传统的基础上,寻找实现理想社会的现实的可行性途径和道路。然而,启蒙以来的现代性文化观念妄想依靠自身的有限性在当下的现实社会实现人类的终极福祉,以有限的手段来把握无限的绝对,这实际上使现代性陷入一种悖论。现代性的社会理想失去超越性和总体性,社会的终极理想被遮蔽了,其结果是,现代社会失去了自我反思和批判的内在机制而成了“单面的社会”,现实、真实和永恒之间的张力消失而达到三位一体,人类的历史也就似乎终结于现代性。当前,为了超越启蒙以来的现代性,必须在马克思主义的指导下,恢复和强调人的否定现实的超越和批判精神,重建一种健康、合理的乌托邦理论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Utopia is an ultimate social ideal that is comprehensively conceived or designed, though impossible to realize ultimately, which representatives a certain kind of purposeful pursuit and expectation of a social ideal for human beings. It is easy to fall into a practical craziness of utopianism according utopian social ideal, resulting to despotism and autarchy necessarily, while it will also deprive human beings of social ideal with transcendentality, ultimateness and comprehensiveness to resist utopianism completely, displaying a ‘desert’ of mediocre and despairing. It is only to be with a necessary imaginary utopia that the history horizon of future may reveal and clarify itself to us, which will not render human beings to stay at a definite point of history ad infinitum to eternize a fraction of history, and not be satisfied with any given actual condition of any age. Utopia is a transcendental wisdom and creation of human beings in western traditional society and an internal dynamic mechanism for a society to self-renovate and self-reflect, which always foresees the end of an old age and the beginning of a new age. Though fine as itself, for not finding a reasonable basis in existence by itself, utopia is often been confused with social movement of utopia and been imputed to the disaster by the latter, hence contrarily, the good wish of the human race turns into a “monster” to restrain and limit itself. Yet Marx’s practical ontology realizes the dialectic synthesis to utopian theories, inheriting the traditional pursuit of ultimate social ideal transcendental of given reality and seeking for the feasible way to realize the ideal society.However, in modern cultural views from the Enlightenment, ultimate happiness has been attempted to be realized depending on the finity of human being itself under present actual society, holding absoluteness infinite by means finite, which make modernity fallen into a paradox. Then modern society loses its transcendentality and comprehensiveness, ultimate social ideality concealed. Resulting from this, modern society that appears as “a <WP=6>society of one facet” loses its internal mechanism of self-reflection and self-criticism. The tension among reality, verity and eternity disappeared to be a trinity; the history of the human race seems to put itself end of modernity. So now, in order to transcend modernity from the Enlightenment, we must resume to underscore the transcendental and critical spirit of human beings to rebuild a healthy and reasonable Utopian theory, in the heading of Marxism.更多还原