【作者】 张振岚；

【导师】 陆承平；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 兽医， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本课题比较研究了国内外在动物疫病预防控制体系建设方面的经验和做法，考虑到目前兽医管理体制在基层一时难有根本改观的现状，结合南京市工作的特点，围绕近年来动物疫病预防控制目标和“放心肉”监控目标，进行探索与实践，提出了构建“动物疫病预防控制体系”的原则、内涵及关键点，并对影响体系建设进程和促进体系有效运转的因素进行了分析，阐述了南京市在体系建设方面的实践成果、存在问题与经验。 建立健全国家或地区动物疫病预防控制体系具有重要意义，事关畜产品质量安全及动物和人类健康，特别是社会经济发展的客观要求。由于我国现阶段动物疫病发生频繁、病种多、危害大，对许多重大动物疫病尚未开展有效的流行病学监测和缺乏预警系统等，说明加快动物疫病预防控制体系建设不但必要而且紧迫。根据现阶段的工作基础，借鉴国外在兽医管理体制、防控工作机制、动物疫情测报和兽医法规建设等方面的做法和经验，为当前的体系建设提供了可靠的依据和前提。 动物疫病预防控制体系建设的核心內容包括：建立一个含市、县(区)、镇(街道)的“三级结构”和延伸到村的“四级网络”的动物疫病防治体系，建立一个动物疫情测报网络与信息管理系统和在突发重大动物疫情时能够紧急应对的处理机制，以及为满足所有上述功能需要的物资与装备保障条件建设。 重点叙述了南京市在动物疫病防治体系、动物疫病诊断监测网络、动物防疫保障条件、重大动物疫情应急处理机制和兽药质量监察体系建设方面的探索、实践及取得的成效。 在围绕动物疫病防治体系建设方面，剖析了镇(街道)动物防疫组织形式，提出了建设基层动物防疫工作网络的办法和途径，探索建立了“一个网络、两线管理、六项制度”的基层动物防疫工作组织实施模式，解决了农村防疫工作断层问题，保证了基础性防疫工作如强制免疫、产地检疫、疫情报告等事项能够落实到村、场、户；制定出台了与重大动物疫病免疫有关的“计划免疫办法”及“疫苗经费与畜禽扑杀补助”的政策，对免疫的內容、技术、管理、反应赔偿、责任追究、资金投入等方面作了明确规定，使重大动物疫病的免疫工作逐步规范化、制度化。同时，通过对外埠调入动物及其产品在生产和流通等环节的调研，明确了相应的监控依据，并在实践中逐步构南京市动物痰病预防拉刹体系的建设建了外埠调入动物及动物产品的检疚监控网络，使肉类销售的凭证入市率由网络建成前的70一80%上升到1 00%，有效遏制了病害肉品上市.通过对兽医队伍的素质培训与相关的制度建设，确保了免疫、检疫及防疫监督工作的规范化和制度化，提高了整体防疫工作水平。此外，针对城市宠物业的兴起，通过构建城区犬类防疫网络，加强对民营动物诊疗机构及从业人员的管理，提高了城市养犬的防疫管理水平。 在围绕动物疫病诊断监测网络建设方面，通过加强市级中心实验室的设备建设、质量规范建设和检测能力建设，初步构建了覆盖全市的动物疫病监控网络框架，并开展了对禽流感等12种重点动物疫病的检测监控，为全市动物疫病防治工作的有效开展提供了可靠依据。而在动物防疫保障条件方面，优先建设了最基础的疫苗冷链系统，并建立了与之相配套的五项管理制度，真正发挥了建设项目的作用. 在重大动物疫情应急机制建设方面，以2004年初防治高致病性禽流感为契机，探索和实践了应急指挥系统建设、应急预案及配套措施的制定、应急处理预备队的组建与管理、应急防疫物资储备管理制度的建立等.同时，为了规范应急时期的工作行为，制定了相应的督查工作规范、突发事件处理和值班工作规则。 在兽药质量监察体系建设方面，鉴于兽药是用于治疗、缓解、预防和诊断动物疫病的特殊商品，其规范使用十分重要，探索建立了一支以市及县(区)业务主管部门为主体、动物防疫监督机构为辅助的执法队伍，并在镇级动物防疫组织设立了兽药检查员，为规范南京地区兽药市场秋序起到了保障作用. 本研究还分析了现阶段影响动物疫病预防控制体系建设的不利因素，主要是主观上对体系建设的重要性和必要性认识不够，未能充分认识到动物疫病防控体系与畜禽养殖业发展之间是相辅相成的关系和有力的保障作用，未能明确其功能定位和体现其在公共卫生体系中应有的地位和作用，以及未树立大局意识和可持续的科学发展观，只注重眼前的生产经营投入而忽视长远的宏观监管体系建设;客观上因受体制改革大背景的影响，存在着机构队伍的精简缩编与动物疫病防控工作网络需要充实加强之间的反差和矛盾，尤其在基层最为明显。此外，由于地区间社会经济发展水平的差异，也存在按“轻、重、缓、急”解决问题的现实，同样影响到体系建设的进程。各级政府强有力的财政支持和逐步完善的法律法规体系支撑，则是促进体系有效运转的重要因素。同时，畜禽生产、加工和流通方式的规范，各类畜牧、兽医行业协会的培育和规范，也将有利于动物疚病的预防控制和畜产品质量安全建设. 最后探讨了动物疫病预防控制体系建设的经验与体会，主要有两条:一是因地制宜，积极探索;二是创造条件，加快推进。列举了辽宁、山东、浙江等?更多还原

【Abstract】 By comparing the experiences and methods of the construction of Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control System (AEDPCS) both at home and abroad, and taking into account the status quo of grass-root veterinarian management reform and the goals set by the municipal government for animal disease and meat quality control, this paper puts forward the principles, contents, and key points for the construction of AEDPCS in Nanjing city, and analyzes the factors affecting it’s construction and functioning. It also depicts the achievements and problems of AEDPCS construction in Nanjing city.The establishment of state or regional AEDPCS is of great importance to ensure the healthy development of animal husbandry, the quality and safety of animal products, and the health of human being. Especially, it is in keeping with the requirements of China’s social and economic development. The characteristics of disease occurrence at present stage, like high frequency, more varieties, and massive endangerment, etc. show that prevention and control of animal diseases is becoming imperative and pressing. Moreover, the lack of epidemic disease monitoring and early-warning system makes it not only necessary but also urgent to establish AEDPCS. Meanwhile, previous works, as well as foreign experiences and methods in veterinarian management, disease control mechanism, epidemic disease forecast and the making of veterinarian regulations, have provided strong support for the setting up of AEDPCS.The core contents for the construction of AEDPCS include: building-up an animal epidemic disease prevention and treatment system with a municipal-county-township "three-level structure" and municipal-county-township-village "four level network", which mainly deals with the daily epidemic disease prevention and treatment, quarantine of animals and animal products, supervising of animal hygiene, veterinarian administration, medical management; setting-up an animal epidemic disease monitoring and forecasting network and information management system, which is responsible for the diagnose of animal diseases, monitoring and early warning of diseases, and the management of epidemic information; establishing an emergency disposal mechanism, including theconducting system, the emergency treatment proposal, and the task force, as well as the construction of materials and equipments supporting system.This paper mainly describes the exploration, practices and achievements in Nanjing on the construction of animal epidemic disease prevention and control system, epidemic disease diagnosis and monitoring system, and materials and equipments supply system, as well as the emergency mechanism and medical quality supervising system.For animal epidemic disease prevention and control system, this paper focuses on the organization form and structure on the township level, and puts forward a pattern of "one network, double management, and six systems". This pattern can effectively solve the problems of compulsory vaccination, site quarantine, and epidemic situation reporting, etc, and all these can be done in villages and farms; relevant policies like "Formula on Planed Vaccination" and "Subsidiaries for Vaccination and Killing of Infected Animals and Poultry" were made, including various aspects of vaccination as technology, management, compensation, punishment and financial input, etc. to facilitate the whole city’s vaccination work. Through investigation on the sections of production, circulation, slaughtering and processing, storing, and marketing of animal and its products imported from outside the city, a set of approaches and requirements for their quarantine were determined, and a quarantine supervision network was established, which has increased the licensed selling rate from 70% or 80% before the establishment of the network to the present 100%, effectively stopped harmful meat products from selling in Nanjing city. By training the veterinarians and making related stipulations, the work of vaccination, quarantine, and epidemic disease prevention and supervisi更多还原