【作者】 许小冬；

【导师】 田麦久；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 为探讨我国优秀运动员处理竞技信息的规律,研究者在文献研究的基础上,阐述竞技信息概念,采用问卷调查、访谈调查(口头访谈和书面访谈)、定性研究(类属分析、内容分析和扎根理论)等方法,在体操、垒球、皮划艇、射击、跆拳道项目中,主要以 126 位我国优秀运动员在重大比赛中取得优异成绩的实例为对象,探讨竞技信息分类体系和优秀选手的竞技信息处理方法。研究结果如下。1、竞技信息是“竞技运动环境的特征及其描述和反映”,或“与运动成绩有关的、运动竞赛构成要素的特征及其描述和反映”(狭义)。2、将竞技信息基本分为:运动员自身类信息、对手运动员类信息、比赛结果评定类信息、运动成绩和情景信息类信息、比赛条件类信息及其它六大类。各类竞技信息又可做进一步的类属划分。3、竞技信息对运动员的参赛成绩有重要影响。正确处理竞技信息能够使运动员改变自身参赛系统与竞技信息环境的关系,获得更多的有益信息、避除有害信息,从而为取得优异运动成绩创造良好条件。4、优秀运动员的竞技信息处理主要有四种基本策略:信息分拣、目标调控、思维转化及定向行动。每种基本策略又包含若干具体处理方式。竞技信息处理还可归纳为若干基本类型:获得类处理和避除类处理;开发获得类处理和转化获得类处理;回避类处理和排除类处理;直接利用和应对类处理;认知处理和行为处理;认识重组处理和目标重组处理。5、在本研究对象提供的资料中,常见竞技信息有 3 类:自身竞技状态信息、自然物质条件信息和社会人文条件信息。常用竞技信息处理具体方式有 9 种:采取相应行动措施、弱化排除和退避排除、锁定新的具体目标、直面风险、锁定新的模糊目标、目标难度调节、泛化思维和投射思维、抗性思维、认可和接受。其中,采取相应行动措施是处理各种竞技信息的常用处理方法;泛化思维和投射思维更多用于处理场地器材信息和气候条件信息;锁定新的具体目标、锁定新的模糊目标常用于处理赛中成绩信息;抗性行为和弱化排除和退避思维则更多用于自身生理信息。6、本研究所归纳和概括的优秀选手的实战经验可为广大运动员和教练员参考和借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the literature, athletics information and its management were examined by means ofquestionnaires, oral and written interviews as well as qualitative study, classification, contentanalysis and ground theory in order to evaluate Chinese experiences. The excellent competitive results of 126 Chinese elite athletes, involved in gymnastics, softball,canoe, taekwondo and shooting, were used as the object of this study to probe the classificationsystem of athletics information and methods for athletics information management. 1. The conception of athletics information was put forward and defined in a broad sense as“the characteristics of the competition environment or the description or reflection of thecharacteristic”, or in a narrow sense as “the characteristics of the component parts of thecompetition related to performances or the description or reflection of the characteristic”. 2.The classification system of athletics information was established. Athletics information isdivided into six types of information: elites themselves, opponent athletes, competitive resultassessment, performances and circumstances, and competitive conditions and others. Those sorts ofathletics information can be classified further. 3.Athletics information greatly influences the athletes’ results in competitions. Managingathletics information effectively is able to improve the relation between competitive systems and theenvironment of the athletics information. More beneficial information can be obtained and harmfulinformation can be avoided so as to create better conditions to achieve better results. 4.There are four basic approaches to athletics information management: information-selection,goal-adjustment, thinking-transformation and direction-behavior. Each approach includes severalspecific forms of management. Athletics information management can also be divided into severalbasic types: obtaining versus avoiding, creating and seeking versus transforming,shunning versus eliminating, utilizing versus coping, cognition versus behavior,cognitive change versus goal change. 5.In data provided by the objects of this study, there are three sorts of athletics information,which the elite athletes frequently encounter: competitive state of the elites themselves, condition ofthe natural substances and conditions of the human being. And there are nine kinds of specificmethods generally used for athletics information management: measure for adopting actions,weakened elimination and the retreat elimination, focusing on a new specific goal, facing risk,focusing on a new vague targets, adjustment to the difficulties of targets, generalized thinking andprojecting thinking, resistant thinking as well as approval and acceptance. Among them, themeasure for adopting actions of common is used in dealing with various athletics information. Thegeneralized thinking and the projecting thinking are mostly used to deal with the information on thegrounds and equipments and the climatic condition. The focusing on a new specific goal and on anew vague target is mostly used in dealing with competitive results. But the resistant behavior, theweakened elimination and the retreat thinking are mostly used in dealing with the physiologicalinformation of the athletes themselves. 6.In this study the elites’ experiences in their actual competitions were evaluated andsummarized for athletes’ and coaches’ reference, in order to improve their performance.更多还原