【作者】 黄云；

【导师】 叶华智；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 作物遗传育种学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 锈病是植物上的重要病害之一。胶锈菌(Gymnosporangium asiaticum，G．yamadae)是我国重要果树梨、苹，木瓜和园林观赏植物贴梗海棠、垂丝海棠及其转主寄主柏科植物上的病原菌，在一些地区造成重大损失。大叶白蜡树锈病(Aecidium fraxinibuangeanae)在我国重要白蜡产地乐山市造成严重危害。华中五味子(Aecidium schisandrae)、接骨木(A．sambuci)、牛奶子(A．elaeagni-umbellatae)、长叶胡颓子(A．elaegni)和小舌紫菀(A．asterum)是我国重要的中药材和具开发价值的野生植物资源，锈病是这些植物上的严重病害。 锈生座孢属(Tuberculina)是锈菌上的重要重寄生真菌。利用重寄生菌防治植物病害是生物防治的重要方法之一。在自然生态系统中，植物——锈菌——重寄生菌构成了一种特有的“食物链”——“寄生链”。研究这一“寄生链”中的重寄生菌于植物病害的生物防治，为国内创新性新领域。对植物病害的生物防治具有重要的理论和实践意义。 本研究在国内外首次对亚洲胶锈菌(梨胶锈菌)(G．asiaticum)和山田胶锈菌(G．yamadae)的重寄生菌梨锈生座孢(Tuberculina pyrus)，小叶白蜡春孢锈菌的重寄生菌白蜡树锈生座孢(T．fraxinis)，华中五味子锈病菌的重寄生菌五味子锈生座孢(T．schisandrae)，牛奶子锈病菌和长叶胡颓子锈病菌的重寄生菌胡颓子锈生座孢(T．elaeagni)，接骨木锈病菌的重寄生菌接骨木锈生座孢(T．sambuci)和小舌紫菀锈病菌的重寄生菌桃色锈生座孢(T．persicina)等6种锈生座孢属重寄生菌进行了研究，取得了重大研究结果和显著进展。本文的创新性研究内容和主要结论如下： 1．锈生座孢属(Tuberculina)寄生的植物锈病病原鉴定 鉴定锈生座孢属寄生的植物锈菌8种，其中小叶白蜡树春孢锈菌(A．fraxinibungeanae)寄生大叶白蜡树(Franxinus chinensis var．rhynchophylla)、五味子春孢锈菌(A．schisandrae)寄生华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)和紫菀春饱锈菌(A .asterum)寄生小舌紫苑(Aste;albescen:)等3种为国内锈菌寄主新记录。2.锈生座抱属的分布、重寄生现象及重寄生菌产抱结构的形态特征2.1锈生座抱属的分布和生境 在四川省和重庆市的18市、县进行锈生座抱属分布及生境调查。结果表明，梨锈生座饱(T.卢少rus)、白蜡树锈生座抱(T. fraxinis)、五味子锈生座抱(T.sehisandrae)、胡颓子锈生座抱(T. elaeagni)、接骨木锈生座抱( T. sambuci)和桃色锈生座抱(T. persicina)等6种重寄生菌在四川的峨眉山市()!1南)，宝兴县、雅安市、天全县()}}西)，平武县、间中市()叫匕)，广安市()日东)及重庆市的万县和云阳县(渝东部)的9个市、县分布。梨锈生座抱(T.卢少ru:)分布于其中的8个市、县。表明该属重寄生菌分布较为广泛和有较多的种类。 锈生座抱属分布地属亚热带湿润性季风气候。从海拨330m，夏季最高温40℃(云阳)到2 050m，冬季最低温一10℃(宝兴晓债)均能存活。表明该重寄生菌具有较强的生境适应性。2.2锈生座抱属(Tuberc“lina)的重寄生现象及产抱结构形态特征 锈生座抱属重寄生现象共同特征为:重寄生现象发生于锈病病斑的叶正、背两面。初为浅肉红色至红褐色，疙疹状。后疙疹状表皮破裂，散出淡褐色粉状物 (分生抱子)。被重寄生寄生的锈病病斑无柱状物(春抱子器)伸出。后期，在白蜡树锈生座抱、梨锈生座抱和胡颓子锈生座抱上产生黑褐色，不规则菌核。 锈生座抱属的产抱结构形态特征为:分生抱子座平铺，弧形或凹陷，圆盘形或不规则形。分生抱子梗呈紧密栅状排列，长棒状，项端较宽，向基渐细，近无色，内壁芽生瓶体式产抱(eb一ph)。分生抱子顶生，单生，圆形、椭圆形，单胞，近无色。菌核生于分生饱子座上，黑褐色，短柱状，由拟薄壁组织构成。3.白蜡树锈生座抱的生物学特性及梨锈生座抱大量产抱培养3.1白蜡树锈生座抱(丈fraxin台)的生物学特性 白蜡树锈生座抱在11种培养基中，以4，培养基(P YA)产抱最多。在供试的6种碳、氮源中，菌丝生长和干重以葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉较好，产抱以葡萄糖、甘露醇为好;菌丝生长及干重以硝酸钾最佳，而产抱则以天冬酞胺和蛋白脉较好。 产抱最适温度为12 h 22℃~12 h25℃交替。分生抱子萌发的最适24一28℃，在水滴中萌发最好。抱子致死温度为42’C 10 min。菌丝生长、产抱及抱子萌发的最适pH为5.5~6.0。荧光有利于产抱。3.2梨锈生座抱(王夕甲rus)的大量产抱培养 对梨锈生座抱(T.卢少rus)在16种培养基的2种载体纸上产抱量研究结果表明，该重寄生菌在以面粉、玉米粉和麦鼓为主要原料，白糖和口服葡萄糖为碳源的2“、13#和14#等3种培养基的牛皮纸和滤纸上，27℃，pH6，荧光、黑暗12h交替，经15d培养，产抱量为接种量的700多倍。4.重寄生菌白蜡树锈生座抱的生活史、控病效果及机制4.1白蜡树锈生座抱(丈户以in七)的生活史 白蜡树锈生座抱以分生抱子在田间被重寄生的锈病病叶和病茎上越冬。重寄生菌的侵入途径为:分生抱子萌发形成芽管，从性子器口侵入。侵入所需最短时间为gh。潜育期8~12d。4.2锈生座抱属的控病作用、效果及机制 用T.声更多还原

【Abstract】 The rust is one of the most important diseases in plants. Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G. yamadae are the pathogens of rusts in pear, apple, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenouzeles speciosa, Mains halliana and Cupresssceae plants and cause serious loss in these plants. The rust of Aecidium fraxinibuangeanae causes a severe white wax yield reduction in the important white wax production areas, like Leshan, in China. Rusts are severe diseases in many important medicinal and valuable wild plants in China, such as Aecidium schisandrae, A. sambuci, A. elaeagni-umbellatae, A. elaegni,A. asterum and so on.Tuberculina is an important hyperparasite of rusts in nature. Controlling plant rust diseases by hyperparasite is one of the most important biological control. Plants - Rusts - Hyperparasites composed a special " food chain " - " parasite chain " . Studies on biocontrol with hyperparasites are great theoretical and practical significance and will create a new field of study in China.This study is for the first time home and abroad to study the 6 species of Tuberculina, including Tuberculina pyrus on G. asiaticum and G. yamadae, T.fraxinis on A. fraxinibuangeanae, T. schisandrae on A. schisandrae, T. elaeagni on A. elaeagni-umbellatae and A. elaegni, T. sambuci on A. sambuci and T. persicina on A. asterum. Important research results and big progress have been achieved. The following are the main innovative research contents and the main conclusions. 1. Identification of the rust pathogen parasited by the hyperparasite (Tuberculina)Eight rust pathogens parasited by the hyperparasite (Tuberculina) were collected from Sichuan province and Chongqing city and identified. A. fraxinibungeanae parasited on Franxinus chinensis var. rhynchophylla, A. schisandrae parasited on Schisandra sphenanthera and A. asterum parasited on Aster albescens are newrecords of rust host in China .2. The distribution, habitat, hyperparasitism and morphological characteristics of the sporocarp structure2.1 The distribution and habitat of hyperparasite (Tuberculina spp.)The distribution of Tuberculina was investigated in eighteen cities and counties in Sichuan province and Chongqing city. The results showed that T. pyrus , T.fraxinis, T. schisandrae, T. elaeagni, T. sambuci and T. persicina were distributed in nine cities and counties in Sichuan province and Chongqing city including Emei shan city, Baoxing county , Ya’an city , Tianquan county, Pingwu county, Langzhong city , Guang’an city ,Wan county and Yunyang county. T. pyrus was distributed in eight of these cities and counties (excluding Tianquan county). These indicated the wide distribution and the abundant species of the hyperparasite (Tuberculina).The habitats of Tuberculina belong to the sub-tropic and wet quarter breeze weather. The habitats of Tuberculina were distributed from Yunyang county, Chongqing (with an elevation of 330 m, the highest temperature reaches over 40癈 in summer) to Baoxing (Qiaoqi) , Sichuan (with an elevation of 2 050 m , the lowest temperature reaches -10癈 in winter). It showed that the hyperparasite possessed a wide ecological adaptability.2.2 The hyperparasitism of Tuberculina and the morphological characteristics of the sporocarp structureThe common characteristics of the hyperparasitism of Tuberculina are: the hyperparasite appeared on both sides of the leaf with spots. And the hyperparasite on the lower leaf surface could control the rust. Early in the hyperparasitism, pale brown blisters could be visualized on the epiphyllous rust lesion. The blisters enlarged gradually , and their epidermis broke , giving off pale brown spores (conidia) . No capillary aecidia protruded on lower leaf surface. Later T. fraxinis, T. pyrus ( from Baoxing, Yaoji) and T. elaeagni produced the sclerotia on the place hyperparasitizd.The morphological characteristics of the sporocarp structure are: the sporodochia of hyperparasite grew along the surface. The conidiophores were fence-like, compact, colorless, stick-shaped ,with no branches ,They were wider at更多还原