【作者】 舒立平；

【导师】 陈允平；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 电力系统及其自动化， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 打破垄断、引入竞争、放松管制、实行市场化是世界电力工业发展的大趋势。我国的电力工业改革在市场经济潮流的推动下正在逐渐展开。然而在电力市场环境下，电力系统运行的经济性与安全性的矛盾更加突出。与垄断时期相比，市场环境下电力系统的运营方式以及各市场参与者的经济策略都有了很大不同，电网安全运行面临着前所未有的挑战。在提高经济效益和资源优化利用的同时如何确保电网的安全、优质、稳定、可靠运行，已成为电力系统领域全球范围的重大问题。本文致力于电力市场环境下电网安全运行策略及输电模型的研究，取得了一定的成果。 电力市场环境下电网的安全运行涉及到两个重要方面：一是如何刺激市场参与者共同维护系统安全的积极性；二是电网运行面临不安全风险时，在市场规则允许范围内采取何种措施降低风险。本文首先从各个角度对该问题进行了全面、详细的介绍，包括市场规则、电网规划方法、系统的实时运行和安全稳定控制手段。由于影响电网安全的因数众多，文章主要从电力市场模式及其对电网安全性影响、ATC的信息发布、输电服务(主要包括阻塞管理、辅助服务及输电服务定价)几个大的方面来论述电力市场条件下保证电网安全运行策略。并对照传统电力系统安全稳定控制过程，将这几个方面归纳为预防控制、纠正控制、紧急控制和恢复控制等不同的控制过程。 其次，在重点分析电力市场模式及其对电网安全性影响的基础上，介绍了部分国内外电力市场模式及其保证电网安全性的措施，构建了我国未来区域电力市场、三峡电力市场模式及三峡电站的交易方式，计算了三峡电厂在和不同的对象交易时对三峡电力系统暂态稳定性的影响并提出了相应对策。提出了联营模式下现货市场交易计划模型和多级电力市场的交易计划模型，通过算例研究，结果表明该模型有利于电网的安全运行。 ATC是电力市场条件下保证电网安全运行的重要措施。目前，ATC计算方法大多是从电力系统稳态运行的角度出发，即使考虑各种动态稳定约束，也通常是以代数方程的形式处理。但事实上这些方法并不准确，尤其对稳定问题比较突出的电网。考虑到三峡电力系统的稳定情况以及ATC计算应平衡技术性和商业可行性的原则，提出了计及暂态稳定约束的概率水平下ATC计算模型及方法，该模型将暂态稳定约束和发电机的出力概率统一考虑，使其能为市场提供更为合理的信息。针对我国互联电网，提出了基于直流潮流的ATC快速计算模型，在该模型中采用直流分布因子法来计算两个区域之间的ATC，在保证一定精度的条件下，可以较大地提高计算速度，增加算法的实用性，并用此模型对我国部分大区电网间的ATC进行计算，找出了系统的薄弱环节。 根据电力系统的物理特点，国际电力市场对确保电网安全运行比较认同的经验是：输电系统必须开放；输电系统的所有权和运行权可以统一也可以分开，但输电系统的运行必须是垄断的。因此，文章紧接着对输电服务进行了重点论述，主要涉及阻塞管理、阻塞成本在转运交易中的分摊、辅助服务及输电服务定价，并分别建立了相应的数学模型。 阻塞管理是市场条件下保证电网安全运行的核心。阻塞管理的目标是制定一系列规则，有效地控制发电机和负荷，使系统的短期运行具有一定的安全和可靠性裕度，同时为系统的长期投资规划提供有效信息。在分析国外电力市场中的阻塞管理方法、不同市场模式下的阻塞调度模型以及阻塞成本分摊的基础上，针对我国的分级电力市场结构和基于改革初期大区电力市场是一个以双边交易为主导的电力市场，提出了一种基于合同优先原则的分级电力市场的阻塞调度模型。为了和现货市场交易计划模型相适应，提出了一个考虑发电机出力变化率约束的下级联营体市场的阻塞调度和定价模型，并进行了算例和对比研究，取得了一定的效果。 在我国电力市场改革初期，将存在多种模式的市场结构，相应的转运交易将大量存在，因此，提出了一种命名为加权最小距离的分摊方法。该方法在只进行少量最优潮流计算的基础上，通过一个加权优化函数来尽量消除转运交易之间的交叉影响，使转运电网的阻塞成本在多个转运交易中尽可能公平合理地分摊。算例结果显示本方法能提供一定的优化运行信号，也有助于消除转运定价的不连续性，为保持转运交易市场的稳定性和系统的安全稳定运行提供了条件。 辅助服务主要用于保证供电的可靠性和电能的质量，在电力市场环境下它被赋予了新的内容，辅助服务的获取不再服从系统的统一调度，辅助服务的定价也成为市场参与者最为关心的问题。在介绍辅助服务分类、电力市场环境下辅助服务的获取方法和国际上一些典型电力市场中的辅助服务市场后，.提出了一种考虑电压静态稳定性的无功电力定价模型。无功电价包括实时容量电价和边际运行电价，其中，无功容量电价是基于用户的实时无功容量需求，而边际运行电价是基于系统有关无功的边际运行成本.算例研究表明该模型能提高系统的静态电压稳定裕度和无功备用容量，有利于刺激用户改善功率因数及投资无功源的建设的积极性。最后对我国电力市场化后的辅助服务获取与定价原则提出一些看法，指出在更多还原

【Abstract】 The power industry worldwide is experiencing unprecedented restructuring for breaking traditional monopoly, introducing competition and establishing electricity markets. The power industry in China is now under the way of restructuring. In the new electricity market environments, the conflict between transmission systems security and economical operation is more and more severe. Compared to monopoly environments, power system operation mode and economic strategies of each participants is different considerably in market environments, transmission systems operation is the face of unprecedented challenge. Hence, how to develop security strategies for transmission systems security has become a major concern. This dissertation focuses on the study of security strategies and transmission models in the electricity market environment and some significant results are obtained.Power system stability is important problem in power system operation. In electricity market environments, transmission systems secure operation involve two aspects: First, how to activate market participants to maintain together power system security. Second, when transmission systems are in face of security risk, how to take measures to reduce risk within market rules. A comprehensive introduction to build security strategies for transmission systems secure operation is made from several aspects, including market rules, transmission grid programming, power system real time operation, stability control and other corresponding problems. In this paper, security strategies and transmission models are constructed mainly based on market rules, available transmission capability, congestion management, ancillary service and transmission pricing.Secondly, based on market rules and its effect to transmission systems security, after introduction of foreign electricity market rules and its strategies for security, regional electricity market, three gorges electricity market pattern and transaction mode of three gorges power station are constructed. Aiming at the specific characteristic of the interconnected network in our country in the future , considering the multi-layers market modes and nonlinear bidding, a transactions scheduling model revolved around power network were presented in this paper. The network and generator’s physical and technological limitation have been accounted.Available transmission capability (ATC) is the important measure for transmission systems security. At present, ATC calculation methods were mostly based on power system stability operation, even if dynamic restrictions were considered, these restrictions were treated commonly as algebra equation. In fact, the results were not exact for transmission network having severe problem of transient stability. Considering the fact of transmission systems in China and feasibility of ATC result, an ATC calculation model is presented for the network having severe problem oftransient stability. Transient stability restriction and the probability level of generation output are considered together in this model. In order to solve the calculation problem of the large system, a fast calculation model based on the direct power flow is putted forward, and apply it to ATC calculation between large regional power systems in China.Based on physical character of power system, security strategies approved in the world were that transmission systems must be opened access and its operation must be monopolized. So, transmission service is dissertated importantly, including congestion management, study on wheeling cost allocation, ancillary service and transmission pricing. Correspondingly, mathematics models are established.Congestion management is the core of transmission system security. The objective of congestion management is to improve security and reliability of power system through controlling the output of generators and loads within a series of market rules, at the same time, to provide effective signal for long-term programming of power system. After the optimal models and approaches of更多还原