【作者】 袁忠林；

【导师】 张雅林；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 CHINESE ABSTRACT本文应用历史生物地理学的方法，结合大陆漂移过程中的重大地质事件，探讨了叶蝉科昆虫起源与演化关系。文中介绍了生物地理学的研究概况和主要学派，对地球演化历史过程进行了概述，并就中生代以来大陆漂移过程中的重大地质、气候事件进行了总结。文中还综述了大陆漂移学说在古生物、现生生物地理分布方面的应用情况，特别是在我国叶蝉科生物地理学方面的应用情况。本文以Metcalf（1964）和Oman等（1990）的世界叶蝉名录、1956~2002年的《Zoological Record》及Young（1968, 1977, 1986）、张雅林（1990、1994、1997）有关于叶蝉科研究专著及其它有关叶蝉分类研究资料，采用Office系统提供的Access数据库软件建立叶蝉科昆虫种级以上单元的数据库，并与McKamey建立的叶蝉科名录作了对比和适当修正。通过数据库的查询，获得各级单元的世界地理分布信息，利用Windows提供的绘图软件绘制地理分布图，就其地理分布结合大陆漂移学说探讨了其可能的起源时间、地点及扩散途径，然后根据族的起源时间，探讨亚科内各族的系统发育关系，根据亚科的起源时间，探讨亚科间的系统发育关系。根据本研究和叶蝉科昆虫化石记录，分析确定叶蝉科昆虫起源于三叠纪之前。研究数据显示，叶蝉科共有128族2345属18202种（不包括少数（约占0.8%）未归类的各级单元及大部分化石（除Myerslopiinae的各级单元）），广布于世界六大动物区中。其高级阶元的系统一直比较混乱，目前尚无一个公认的分类系统，其亚科级单元最少10个，最多可达40多个，我们主要依据Oman（1990）的分类系统，结合张雅林等的研究情况，采用43个亚科级单元。对各亚科的地理分布、可能的起源与演化关系进行了系统的分析。起源于200Ma前联合古陆时期的有：麦尔叶蝉亚科Myerslopiinae、角顶叶蝉亚科Deltocephalinae、小叶蝉亚科Typhlocybinae、大叶蝉亚科Cicadellinae、铲头叶蝉亚科Hecalinae、圆痕叶蝉亚科Agalliinae和广头叶蝉亚科Macropsinae；在中侏罗纪联合古陆分裂为劳亚古陆和冈瓦纳古陆之后，起源于冈瓦纳古陆的有：无片叶蝉亚科Acostemminae、离脉叶蝉亚科Coelidiinae、缘脊叶蝉亚科Selenocephalinae、叶蝉亚科Iassinae、耳叶蝉亚科Ledrinae、窄颊叶蝉亚科Ulopinae、隐脉叶蝉亚科Nirvaninae、褐点叶蝉亚科Xestocephalinae、片角叶蝉亚科Idiocerinae和乌叶蝉亚科Penthimiinae；匙头叶蝉亚科Eupelicinae和聂叶蝉亚科Nioniinae于135Ma印度次大陆与马达加斯加从冈瓦纳古陆分离之起源于冈瓦纳古陆；宽头叶蝉亚科Eurymelinae、尖颊叶蝉亚科Euacanthellinae、锥胸叶蝉亚科Tartessinae和澳痕叶蝉亚科Austroagalloidinae起源于45Ma澳大利亚从冈瓦纳古陆分离之后的澳洲区；圆筒叶蝉亚科Adelungiinae、脊冠叶蝉亚科Aphrodinae和迈叶蝉亚科Megopthalminae起源于45Ma北美大陆从劳亚古陆分离之后的古北区；窄唇叶蝉亚科Koebeliinae起源于北美大陆从欧亚大陆分离之后的北美洲；扁叶蝉亚科Gyponinae、新离脉叶蝉亚科Neocoelidiinae、多彩叶蝉亚科Neobalinae、凸缘叶蝉亚科Phereurhininae、短头叶蝉亚科Bythoniinae、角冠叶蝉亚科Arrugadinae和网脉叶蝉亚科Evansiolinae起源于45Ma澳大利亚从冈瓦纳古陆分离之后的南美洲；杆叶蝉亚科Hylicinae、横脊叶<WP=6>蝉亚科Evacanthinae和莫卡叶蝉亚科Mukariinae起源于北美大陆从欧亚大陆分离后的东洋区；长胸叶蝉亚科Signoretiinae和长板叶蝉亚科Phlogisinae起源于第三纪的非洲大陆；宽额叶蝉亚科Makilingiinae起源于第三纪的东洋区；淡叶蝉亚科Tinterominae和额冠叶蝉亚科Drakensbergeninae分别起源于第三纪的中美洲和南美洲。依据各亚科的起源时间及其组成情况，得出了叶蝉科亚科间系统发育关系。各亚科的起源顺序依次为：麦尔叶蝉亚科、角顶叶蝉亚科、小叶蝉亚科、大叶蝉亚科、铲头叶蝉亚科、圆痕叶蝉亚科、广头叶蝉亚科、无片叶蝉亚科、离脉叶蝉亚科、缘脊叶蝉亚科、叶蝉亚科、耳叶蝉亚科、窄颊叶蝉亚科、隐脉叶蝉亚科、褐点叶蝉亚科、片角叶蝉亚科、乌叶蝉亚科、匙头叶蝉亚科、聂叶蝉亚科、宽头叶蝉亚科、杆叶蝉亚科、圆筒叶蝉亚科、脊冠叶蝉亚科、尖颊叶蝉亚科、扁叶蝉亚科、锥胸叶蝉亚科、横脊叶蝉亚科、新离脉叶蝉亚科、多彩叶蝉亚科、秀头叶蝉亚科、迈叶蝉亚科、凸缘叶蝉亚科、莫卡叶蝉亚科、长胸叶蝉亚科、宽颊叶蝉亚科、澳痕叶蝉亚科、窄唇叶蝉亚科、短头叶蝉亚科、角冠叶蝉亚科、网脉叶蝉亚科、淡叶蝉亚科、额冠叶蝉亚科、长板叶蝉亚科。更多还原

【Abstract】 Biogeography of Cicadellidae（Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha）The present dissertation mainly dealt with the origin and evolution of leafhopper family Cicadellidae on the basis of historical biogeography and the theory of continental drift.The general situation of the biogeography and its schools, the evolving histoty of the earth, major events of geology and climate were summarized since the Mesozoic, as well as the application of continental drift theory to the distribution of paleontology and extant organisms, especially to the researches on the biogeography of Cicadellidae in China.The species-level database of Cicadellidae in Access formate were built up according to the catalogues of Metcalf（1964）, Oman（1990）and the Zoological Record from 1956 to 2002, the monographs by Young（1968, 1977, 1986）and Zhang（1990, 1994, 1997）, which was compared with the Checklist of Leafhopper Species by McKamey (National Museum of Natural History) and revised. Distribution maps were drawn by Windows software.The original time, location and route of dispersal were analysed with the theory of continental drift based on the Access database. The phylogeny of tribes and subfamilies was discussed.The original time of leafhoppers was probably occurred before the Triassic according to the analysis and the fossil record over the world.Our database showed that leafhoppers, as the larg family in Hemiptera, distribution widely in the world and contain 128 tribes, 2345 genera and 18202 species totally（except fewer uncertain status and most of fossil record (only 0.8%)）.The hierarchical classification has been criticized and without one certain system is accepted, and the proposed subfamily-group names vary from 10 to more than 40. In this paper, 43 subfamily-group names were adopted based on Oman（1990）and Zhang Ya-lin (1990-). The distribution, possible original time and place, evolutionary relationship and phylogeny of 43 subfamily-groups were analysed as follows: Those originated in the Pangaea (200 Ma) are: Myerslopiinae, Deltocephalinae, Typhlocybinae, Cicadellinae, Hecalinae, Agalliinae and Macropsinae; those in Gondwanaland after the brokeup of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwanaland in the Mid-Jurassic are：Acostemminae, Coelidiinae, Selenocephalinae, Iassinae, Ledrinae, Ulopinae, Nirvaninae, Xestocephalinae, Idiocerinae and Penthimiinae；Eupelicinae and Nioniinae in Gondwanaland in 135 Ma after India subcontinent and Madagascar isolated from Gondwanaland; Eurymelinae, Euacanthellinae, Tartessinae and Austroagalloidinae in Australia in 45 Ma after it separated from Gondwanaland; Adelungiinae, <WP=8>Aphrodinae and Megopthalminae in the Palearctic Region and Koebeliinae in North America in 45 Ma after North America separated from Eurasia；Gyponinae; Neocoelidiinae; Neobalinae; Phereurhininae; Bythoniinae; Arrugadinae and Evansiolinae evolved in South America in 45 Ma after Australia seperated from Gondwanaland; Hylicinae, Evacanthinae and Mukariinae in the Oriental Region after North America separated from Eurasia; Signoretiinae and Phlogisinae in Africa, Makilingiinae in the Oriental Region, Tinterominae in Central America and Drakensbergeninae in South America in Tertiary respectively. According to the original time and constituents of each subfamily, the phylogeny of them was given chronologically as follows: Myerslopiinae, Deltocephalinae, Typhlocybinae, Cicadellinae, Hecalinae, Agalliinae, Macropsinae, Acostemminae, Coelidiinae, Selenocephalinae, Iassinae, Ledrinae, Ulopinae, Nirvaninae, Xestocephalinae, Idiocerinae, Penthimiinae, Eupelicinae, Nioniinae, Eurymelinae, Hylicinae, Adelungiinae, Aphrodinae, Euacanthellinae, Gyponinae, Tartessinae, Evacanthinae, Neocoelidiinae, Neobalinae, Stegelytrinae, Megopthalminae, Phereurhininae, Mukariinae, Signoretiinae, Makilingiinae, Austroagalloidinae, Koebeliinae, Bythoniinae, Arrugadinae, Evansiolinae, Tinterominae, Drakensbergeninae and Phlogisinae.更多还原