【作者】 常金宝；

【导师】 李吉跃；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林培育学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本文是基于世界范围内正在迅速发展起来的城市森林实践而开展研究的，目的在于揭示干旱半干旱地区工矿城市森林植被建植的内涵与抗旱蓄水保墒技术的相关关系，探讨干旱半干旱地区工矿城市森林植被建植与生态效益评价的理论方法及其应用，提出相应的技术手段和评价体系，为我国城市森林的实践服务。为此，本文采用理论与实践相结合，规范分析与案例分析相统一的研究方法，对城市森林体系建设的背景与发展趋势、我国干旱和半干旱地区工矿城市森林建设与抗旱造林技术的相互关系，抗旱节水城市森林植被的建植技术、干旱半干旱地区城市森林植被生态效益的评估等内容进行了系统研究，并得出如下几个基本结论： 第一、通过对国内外城市森林和干旱半干旱地区抗旱节水造林技术的产生与发展趋势等理论及实践的总结，系统地阐述了干旱半干旱地区工矿城市森林植被建植技术和城市森林植被生态效益评估的内涵、技术方法和评价指标体系，为今后干旱半干旱地区的城市森林植被建植工程的实施提供了理论基础。 第二、研究结果证明，在干旱半干旱地区，工矿城市森林植被建植过程需要建立在节水抗旱的基础之上，建成后的城市森林植被必须要在提高水分利用效率的同时，达到生态效益优化，而生态效益的发挥应从整体上达到最佳。 第三、通过对神东矿区城区及郊区的天然和人工植被调查分析，证明在具有良好灌溉条件的庭院及街道，各树种的造林成活率、生长状况较好，但人工灌溉耗水强度大，对有限的水资源消耗过快，不符合可持续发展的原理。在郊区灌水条件较差的山坡及公路行道树系统中，造林成活率低、生长状况也较差，充分证明了水分条件是制约干旱半干旱地区工矿城市森林植被建植的主要制约因素。 第四、几种抗旱保墒新材料实验结果表明，在一般情况下，各树种的造林存活率、生长状况均是随着使用量的增加而增大。各种保墒材料处理的保墒效果从高至低依次排序为：下覆膜(塑料膜)、美国干水(固体水)、“科瀚98”凝胶态吸水剂、“科瀚98”颗粒状吸水剂、上覆膜(塑料膜)和普通瓶水，最差就是不做任何处理的对照(CK)。通过聚类分析证明，7种处理按作用效果可分成4个等级类型，第一等级类型为下覆膜处理、第二类型为美国干水(固体水)和“科瀚98”吸水剂、第三类型为上覆膜和普通瓶水、第四类型为对照试验。 第五、苗木的盆栽试验证明，不同苗木的失水量变化、成活状况在相同处理条件下，具有相似的变化规律，而不同处理方法的土壤水分丢失速率从低至高的排序为：上覆膜、美国干水(固体水)、“科瀚98”吸水剂、下覆膜及对照试验。上述野摘要外试验和盆栽试验都证明上、下覆膜和美国干水(固体水)处理保墒效果较好、性能稳定，可以在干早半干早地区城市森林植被建植过程中大面积推广应用。 第六、根据多目标灰色关联度评价结果，适应干早半干早风沙区城镇庭院绿化的针叶乔木树种为:云杉、落叶松和樟子松，其关联度评价值分别达到0.7720、0.7718和0.7622:落叶阔叶乔木树种为:山桃、垂柳、垂榆，其关联度评价值分别达到0.9554、0.8631和0.8362;花灌木树种为:玫瑰、沙地柏和黄刺玫，其关联度评价值分别达到0.7916、0.7730和0.7492。适合配置在工业企业的厂区及防污、滞尘、减噪隔离带的针叶乔木树种为:云杉、侧柏和油松，以上三种树种的关联度评价值分别达到0.7615、0.6723和0，6526;落叶阔叶乔木树种为:垂柳、国槐和白蜡，其关联度评价值分别达到0.8346、0.7466和0.6565;花灌木树种为:沙地柏、园柏绿篱和玫瑰，其关联度评价值分别达到0.7203、0.6753和0.6569。适合配置在城郊及厂区周缘防风固(阻)沙林带的乔木树种为品种杨，灌木树种为沙柳和杨柴。其中沙柳灌丛在近地层IOcm高度层内，能够降低风速达60.3%，杨柴仅为40.6%，且方差分析也充分证明了，沙柳灌丛在降低近地层风速的效应方面具有明显的优势。 第七、干早半干早地区城市森林具有多方面的生态功能效益，其中在如下几个方面具有不可替代的和极其突出的作用:①调节碳氧平衡。根据实测结果，落叶阔叶乔木树种的固碳释氧能力最强，其中垂柳的日固碳释氧能力分别达到906.849/g叶干重·d和659.529/g叶干重·d;落叶阔叶灌木居中，其中紫穗槐的日固碳释氧能力分别达到544.289/g叶干重·d和395.849/g叶干重·d;针叶乔木日固碳释氧能力较差，杜松的日固碳释氧能力分别为230.929/g叶干重·d和167.949/g叶干重·d(杜松是常绿针叶乔木类中日固碳释氧能力较高者);②调节小气候。根据实测结果，与无植被的裸地(CK)相比较，具有乔、灌、草组成的结构较为复杂的庭院疏林草地降温效益值达到3.20%、增湿效益值达到10.92%、降低风速效益值达到63.60%。同时由于植被的覆盖，缓和了地表和地下土壤温度的剧烈变化，降低了土表蒸发、保存了土壤水分;③根据光合蒸腾的测定结果，由于林木的蒸腾作用，可使城市森林植被周围大气温度下降、相对湿度增加，但不同树种类型作用程度差异十分明显，其中落叶阔叶乔木树种，其平均日蒸腾吸热量达到84845.37kj/g叶干重·d、降低温度平均达到2.81℃;灌木居中，日平均蒸?更多还原

【Abstract】 The paper studies on the basis of practice of the rapid development of the urban forest in the whole world. The purpose lies in revealing the relevant relation between urban forest vegetation building intension and drought resistance and soil moisture preservation technology in arid and semi-arid region, probing into theorethcal method and application of the urban forest vegetation construction and ecological benefits assessing, putfing forward the corresponding technological means and assessing system, assessment so as to serve the practice of the urban forest in our country. For this reason, the paper adopts many research approaches, which are combining practice with theory , unsting standard analyses with case analyses, then systematically researches the background of urban forest system construction (including basic conception, range) and development trend, the interreaction of urban forest construction with technology of drought resistance and afforestation, forest vegetation construction technology in arid areas forest plants ecological benefits assessment etc. And it draws the following basic conclusions:First, through summary of the theory and practice of the domestic and international urban forest, urban forestry and drought management and water hushandry and afforestation technology producing and development trend, it expounds forest vegetation building technology and urban forest ecological benefits assessing intension, technological method and evaluation index system, which offer the theoretical foundation to urban forest vegetation building project implementation in arid and semi-arid region in the future.Second, the research results proves that urban forest vegetation building course must be set up the foundation of water hushandry and drought management. The urban forest vegetation that is finished should cnprove the moisture utilizing efficiency while it maximizes the ecological benefits. And the full play of the ecological benefits should reach the best on the whole.Third, through investigating and analying natural and artificial vegetation in mining area and suburb in ShengDong, it proves that the tree species have high survival rate and grow better on good irrigation condition in courtyard and street. However, it consumes the limited water resource too heavy too fast, which does not accord with the principle of sustainable development. Among the hillside and highway shade tree system in suburb, with poor water irrigation. Survival rate are low and the plants grow relatively weak. Tate fully proves that moisture is the main restrictive factor of urban forest vegetation building in arid and semi-arid areas.Fourth, several experimental results which use new materials of drought management and soil moisture preservation indicate that in general, the afforestation survival rate and planting condition for all plants enhance with the increasement of new materials consumption. Treatments of various soil moisture conservation material from high to low order are cover membrane, American dry water (solid water), "KeHan98"-hygrescopic to absorb water by pharmaceutical, "KeHan98"-hygrescopic water pharmaceutical, underground membrane and ordinary bottle water. Among them, the worst is the contrasting (CK) which do not do any treatment. Through cluster analysis it proves that 7 kinds of treatment can be divided into 4 grade types according to the function result. First grade is underground membrane to lay type (plastic membrane). Then second type is American dry water and "KeHan98" by pharmaceutical. The third type is cover membrane and ordinary bottle water while the fourth type is ck.Fifth, the test cultivated in a pot of the nursery stock proves that the desiccation amounts of different nursery stocks change and the survival condition under the same water loss dealing condition with have the simian change law. And soil moisture of different treatments losing speed from low to high similar are like following: Cover membrane, American dry water (solid water), and "KeHan98" -hygrescopic water by ph更多还原