【作者】 校建民；

【导师】 马履一； 王小平； 徐晋涛；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林培育， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 森林是人类赖以生存的主要陆地生态系统之一。目前，人类面临的许多生态环境问题都和森林资源的数量、质量有着密切的联系。森林的重要性也前所未有的受到了人们的重视。近年来，中国陆续实施了六大林业建设工程和公益林补偿试点工作，取得了显著的成效。同时，在林业生态环境建设中也面临着一些需要解决的问题。包括有：如何准确评价森林生态环境的价值；在森林生态环境建设中，政府如何进行决策；现有公益林如何经营；公益林建设资金来源问题等等。北京密云集水区的公益林建设，也同样面临以上问题。 本文对公益林补偿所需要的有关基础理论进行了整理归纳，其基础理论主要有：生态学基础理论、环境经济学基础理论、林学基础理论。 在具体实践应用上，本文对公益林补偿所涉及的几个问题——公益林生态环境效益的评价、公益林成本效益分析、公益林最佳木材利用周期的制定、公益林补偿标准的制定、资金来源与使用等问题进行了研究。并在此基础上对密云集水区公益林补偿机制的建立提出了自己的观点。具体来讲，得出以下的结论： 在以100年作为研究期限的情况下，当贴现率为0.05时：油松、刺槐林减少水库泥沙淤积的经济效益现值分别为2306元／hm~2和2036元／hm~2。油松、刺槐林减少土壤养分流失所产生的现值分别为5004～8874元／hm~2和4431～7856元／hm~2。森林涵养水源的现值为1199～4971元／hm~2；森林固C效益的现值为1300～9300元／hm~2； 现有森林每年：减少水库泥沙淤积效益739.20万元；减少土壤养分流失的经济价值为1 562.8～2769.7万元：固C价值在1920.74～2590.76万元；增加有效水量价值1062.62万元。 在0.05的贴现率水平下，所有营林措施的总收益都大于其建设成本；贴现率为0.07及0.09时，爆破造林的总收益小于其建设成本，其它造林方式的总收益都大于其建设成本；贴现率为0.11时，爆破造林、油松大苗造林的总收益小于其建设成本。各种营林方式下的经济效益最优木材利用周期与总效益最优木材利用周期基本一致。 密云集水区公益林市场失灵的主要原因是其正的外部性不能得到体现。环境经济手段有助于解决密云集水区公益林的市场失灵问题。采用政府“财政支出基础上的森林环境服务付费制度”方式，解决目前面临的资金缺乏问题，是一种可行的方法。 提出密云集水区公益林补偿的标准为：造林当年，给予一次性营林补助3000～4500hm~2；营林管护，每年75～210元／hm~2；木材收益归公益林经营者所有。这一补偿标准要明显高于目前国家公益林补助的试点标准。更多还原

【Abstract】 Forest is one of the main terrestrial ecosystems which human being lives on. Many environmental problems are connected with the quantity and quality of the forest. Forest is concerned more seriously than before. In these years, six key forestry construction projects and the NCF compensation experiments have been done in China. The effects are positive. As while, there are some problems needed to be resolved. It includes: how to estimate the eco-environmental value of the forest accurately; how to make decision by the government in forestry eco-environment construction; how to manage the exiting NCF; how to receive the NCF fund, and so on. These problems are also existed in the NCF construction in Miyun watershed.Some foundational theories concerned to non-commercial forest compensation have been studied in this dissertation. They are ecological theories, environmental and economical theories, silvical theories.In practice, some concerned issues of non-commercial forest including the eco-environmental benefit estimation, cost-benefit analysis, the best rotation, the compensation standard, fund resources and usage have been studied in this dissertation. Based on those studies, some viewpoints have been provided concerning non-commercial forest compensation in Miyun watershed. Specially, following conclusions have been drawn in this dissertation:Taking 100 years as the cutting cycle, 0.05 as the discounting rate, the PV of sediment deduction of pine forest and acacia forest are 2306 Yuan/hm2 and 2036 Yuan/hm2 respectively. The PV of soil nutrition protection are 5004-8874 Yuan/hm2 and 4431-7856 Yuan/hm2 respectively in pine forest and acacia forest. The PV of water resource detention is 1199-4971 Yuan/hm2. And the PV of carbon sequestration is between 1300 Yuan/hm2 and 9300 Yuan/hm2.In each year, the existing forest can provide 7.3920 million Yuan in sediment deduction, 15.628-27.697 million Yuan in soil nutrition protection, 19.2074-25.9076 million Yuan in carbon sequestration and 10.6262 million Yuan in water resource detention.Taking 0.05 as the discounting rate, the total benefit of each kind of afforestation is larger than cost. Taking 0.07 and 0.09 as the discounting rate, the benefit is smaller thancost of afforestation by explosion; Taking 0.11 as the discounting rate, the benefit is smaller than cost of afforestation by old pine seedling and by explosion. The cutting cycles are similar whether to maximize the economic benefit or to maximize the total benefit in each kind of afforestation.The main reason of market failure of the NCF in Miyun watershed is that its external economies couldn’t be realized. Some environmental economic method can be used to resolve the market failure problem of the NCF in Miyun watershed. And it’s feasible to solve the fund problem by using "user-to-pay system for forest environmental service based on the financial payoff’.The compensation standard of the NCF in Miyun watershed is: provide 3000~4500 Yuan/hm2 for afforestation; provide 75-210 Yuan/hm2 each year for management and protection; timber income belongs to NCF manager. And this compensation standard is distinctly more than the NCF subsidy experiment standard.更多还原