【作者】 温明章；

【导师】 于丹；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 植物学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 水资源短缺已日益成为世界各国关注的焦点问题之一。我国作为世界上人口最多的一个发展中国家，水源地污染现象严重。本研究通过对浙江省台州市主要水源地—长潭水库库区生物资源和水质状况的深入调查和研究，探讨了该水源地复合生态系统的生物种类组成、植被分布状况和水库的水质状况等。 对库区生物种类的调查发现：1)藻类共有70种，隶属于9门。其中，单鞭金藻、棕鞭藻和衣藻是季节性种类，前两者出现在春、秋季节，后者多出现在夏季，它们耐污能力较强，可作为水质污染程度的指示种类；尖尾蓝隐藻、卵形隐藻、裸藻、矩圆囊裸藻和柄裸藻的出现是水体富营养化的标志之一；微囊藻、色球藻和腔球藻可形成大的群体，是“水华”蓝藻的主要种类；蓝藻作为优势物种，在水体中分布密度最大，最大平均值达到22.89×10~4 cell/L；其次是硅藻和绿藻，最大平均密度分别为1.60×10~4 cell/L和3.06×10~4 cell/L；水体藻类的小型化与蓝藻的大量出现，共同构成了水体富营养化的重要标志。2)水生维管束植物共有74属113种，其中蕨类植物4属5种，种子植物70属108种，包括新纪录种45个，引进种17个；虽然集雨区水生维管植物种类较多，但是生物量很小，多分布于一些小水塘、沟渠、低洼地和小支流中。根据水生植物生活型组成及建群种(主要优势种)的不同，可以将长潭水库集雨区水生植被分为沉水植被、浮叶植被、漂浮植被和挺水植被4个群系，28个群丛，其中以挺水植被和沉水植被占优势；由于各群丛结构组成和所处生境的差异，它们在水质净化中作用也各不相同。3)森林植被类型有针叶林、针阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、毛竹林、灌草丛、经济林等类型，可划分为4个植被型组，8个植被型，12个群系和19个群丛组。值得关注的一点是，库区四周的林相主要为针叶林和经济林，而在库区四周存在如此大面积的经济林，这对一个水源地水库而言是不合理的。因为在经济林的管理中要施用大量的化肥、农药，化肥和农药的残留不可避免地会进入水体，从而产生污染。4)长潭水库共有浮游动物23属42种，隶属于原生动物门、线形动物门和节肢动物门等3门。其中肉足虫类最多，计有22种;轮虫纲次之，为10种;枝角类和挠足类分别为6种和4种。随着水库富营养化程度加深，浮游动物的种群结构更趋简单，小型浮游动物和底栖动物的数量将继续增加，有机污染敏感种相对数量减少，或者甚至完全消失，耐污种数量将不断地增加。原生动物肉足纲和线形动物轮虫纲都是耐污种，它们是水体富营养化的指示生物，甲壳动物枝角类隆线搔和短尾秀体搔也是耐污指示种。5)水库底栖动物包括环节动物、软体动物和节肢动物三大类，共22种，其中环节动物2科5种，软体动物7科11种，节肢动物1科6种。颤叫科的霍普水丝蜕、苏氏尾鳃妇，摇蚊科的粗腹摇蚊、毛突摇蚊和隆线粗腹摇蚊，腹足纲的梨形环棱螺及瓣鳃纲的背角无齿蚌和湖球蛆都是耐污种，它们的出现说明底泥中的营养元素含量较高，特别是摇蚊幼虫，是极度耐污种，其存在说明水体己达富营养化。6)长潭水库有鱼类35种，隶属于5目、8科、33属，放养结构比例不合理，导致鱼类小型化趋势，从而降低了对藻类的控制作用。随着水库进一步富营养化，一些鱼类将由于不适应低氧环境而逐渐消失，而耐低氧并以浮游动植物为食的鱼类数量和生物量将会增加，同时底栖的螂鱼、鲤鱼因底栖饵料充足而有所增加。 长潭水库水质自96年以来有富营养化的趋势，处于富营养的前期。水库的pH值在7.5上下波动，但是有个别季度pH值超过了8.5;水体中悬浮物的含量呈明显的上升趋势，水体的透明度正在下降;长潭水库的总氮水平在0.6mg/1左右，总磷水平在0.O26mg/工左右，符合发生富营养化的条件。 自2001年来，水库水质开始恶化，水体pH值、透明度(SD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(T劝、氨氮(NH。一N)及石油类等饮用水主要指标均超过国家标准(GB3838一2002工工)，重金属中总锰超标4.4倍，溶解性铁超标2.1倍;底泥中铅、锌、隔等重金属含量也相当高。总体评价水体污染程度为中度污染。现在，长潭水库正处于大坝加固的特殊时期，水位逐渐接近死水位，使得水库水体稀释作用大大降低，而N、P等营养物质的输入却继续增加，使得水库富营养化程度加剧，水质严重恶化，水库水质达到IV类接近V水，局部地区达到V类，如不采取应急措施，有可能导致蓝藻“水华”的大面积爆发。 水体污染的原因主要来自面源，包括生活污染、农业污染和养殖业污染等三个方面。其中以畜禽养殖业带来的污染最为严重，不同畜禽对污染的贡献率有较大差异，猪对污染的贡献率最大，牛除在TP的贡献率上小于鸡的外，其余都比鸡的大:另外工业、交通尤其是水上船舶产生的油污染和铅锌尾矿所造成的污染也不容忽视。 对长潭库区经济现状进行评价认为，农作物种植业在农业生产整体结构中所占的比例太高，应适时调整农业结构，大力发展蔬菜、瓜果等经济作物的种植;禽畜养殖业应进行规模养殖，实现产业化;渔业在农业整体中所占比率过小，并且养殖效率低下，对环境的破坏较大，应及时予以调整。长潭更多还原

【Abstract】 Water shortage has become the focus of attention in a worldwide range and the pollution of fountainhead is getting more serious in China. By studying the-species composition of bio-system, the distribution of vegetation and the reservoir water quality ,we investigated the biological resources in the Changtan Reservoir area ,which is the fountainhead of Taizhou City.The analysis of the biological species, sampled from the Changtan Reservoir area, shows that: (1) there were 70 species of algae in the reservoir, belonging to 9 phyla. Among these species, the Chromulina sphaerica, Ochromonasand sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. appeared seasonally, the former two present in spring and autumn, the latter present in Summer, all of these three species can be used as indicator species because they were resistant to pollution. The presence of the Chroomonas acuta, Cryptomonas ovata, Euglena gracilis, and Colacium was one of the symbols of eutrophication. The Microcystis, Chroococcus and Coelosphaerium can form a large colonies and they were dominant component of cyanobacteria water bloom. Cyanobacteria were the dominant group of phytoplankton and their maximal average density reached 22.89x104 cell/ L, and the diatoms and the green algae reached 1.6x104 cell/ L and 3.06x104 cell/ L, respectively. The miniaturization of planktonic algae and the presence of cyanobacteria are symbols of the eutrophication. (2) There were 113 species of aquatic vascular plants, belonging to 74 genera in the investigated area. Amongthese species, 5 species belonging to 4 genera were ferns, and the rest 108 species (including 45 new recorded species and 17 exotic species) belonging to 70 genera were seed plants. The aquatic vascular plants in this area were abundant, but their biomass was very small. They were mainly distributed in small ponds, ditch, bottomland and streams. According to the components of the aquatic life forms and the kinds of pioneering species, the aquatic plants in Changtan Reservoir area could be divided into 4 vegetation formations (including 28 associations): emergent, floating-leaved, free-floating and erect form. Among these formations, the erect life-form and the emergent life-form species were dominant. Because of the difference in each form of the associations and the environment where they were living, these species show different functions in purifying water quality. (3) The vegetation including coniferous forest, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest, evergreen broadleaf forest, deciduous and evergreen broadleaf mixed forest, bamboo forest, shrubs and grass mixture. These could be divided into four vegetation-type groups, 8 vegetation types, 12 vegetation formations, and 19 association groups. Around Changtan Reservoir, the vegetation was mainly coniferous and fruit trees. In order to recover the vegetation in the reservoir area, the natural forest should be enlarged, and the fruit trees proportion should be cut down. (4) There are 23 genera of zooplankton (including 42 species), belonging to the Protozoa Phylum, the Nematoda Phylum and the Arthropod Phylum. Among these species, Sarcodina had the highest number, including 22 species; the second is Rotifer, including 10 species; there were 6 species of Cladocera and 4 species of Copepoda. With the deterioration of eutrophication, the zooplankton population structure will become simpler, the number of small zooplankton and zoobenthos of the reservior will increase, species that are sensitive to organic pollution will decrease or disappear completely, while species that can tolerate pollution will be more and more numerous, Sarcodina (Protozoa) and Rotifera (Nematoda) were the species that can tolerate pollution, Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Daphnia carinata as well, can be used as indicators of water pollution. (5) Benthicanimals of the reservoir included annelid, mollusk and arthropod and there were 22 species in total. Among these species, annelid had 5 species belonging to 2 families; Mollusk had 11 species belonging to 7 families; Arthropod更多还原