【作者】 陈超英；

【导师】 林乃铨；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 中国是茶树的故乡，茶树种植历史悠久。近几十年来，由于茶树种植栽培方式的改变和化学肥料、化学农药的大量使用，在保证茶叶高产稳产的同时，也给茶园的生态环境带来负面影响。造成生物多样性指数降低，优势病虫种群突出。特别是茶叶中农药残留，害虫抗药性和再增猖獗问题越来越突出。因此，对害虫实施生态持续控制，是无公害茶叶生产面临的迫切问题。 为了更好地了解茶园节肢动物群落的结构和动态，探究茶园群落的稳定性机制，本文从数学生态学入手，应用多元统计分析和灰色系统理论，对已有的一些数学模型进行分析、改进和完善，进而构建新的数学模型。具体研究结果摘要如下： 1、首先通过对茶园节肢动物群落的系统调查，应用因子分析法对茶园节肢动物群落中各亚群落的结构和动态进行分析。结果为：在害虫(含螨类)亚群落中，主要种群有假眼小绿叶蝉和螨类。假眼小绿叶蝉主要与蛾蜡蝉类、其它叶蝉类呈正相关，这里正相关的含义主要是指在种群数量上具有一定程度的同增同减趋势。螨类主要与蚜虫类、蓟马类呈正相关。在捕食性天敌亚群落中，主要种群有蜘蛛类、鼎突黑刺蚁、小蚂蚁类和螳螂类，且它们均具有正相关关系。在寄生性天敌亚群落中，主要种群有小蜂类、细蜂类、蚜小蜂科。小蜂类与细蜂类呈正相关，蚜小蜂科主要与茧蜂科呈正相关。中性昆虫亚群落中主要种群是蚊类、蝇类和跳虫类，蚊类、蝇类呈正相关。 2、根据茶园节肢动物群落的系统调查、以茶园节肢动物总群落及各亚群落的特征指数动态为属性，进行因子分析。其结果为：(1)关于物种丰富度：总群落与害虫(含螨类)亚群落呈正相关。捕食性天敌、中性昆虫各自独立。寄生性天敌与各亚群落的正相关关系不明显，偏向于捕食性天敌。(2)关于多样性指数：总群落与害虫(含螨类)、捕食性天敌亚群落呈正相关。寄生性天敌和中性昆虫各自独立。总体而言，总群落的结构及其动态主要与害虫、捕食食性天敌亚群落呈正相关，其次是寄生性天敌亚群落，而与中性昆虫亚群落正相关性甚小。 3、根据主成分分析原理，建立群落系统评价综合性指标，将其应用于总群落与各亚群落之间相互关系的聚类分析，所得结果与上述因子分析结果一致。 4、应用最优分割法，以福州茶园节肢动物群落的系统评价综合性指数(简称群落综合指数)为属性进行分割，将2002年10月17日至2003年10月24日划分为6个阶段。第一阶段，10月中旬一11月下旬，这一时期茶园内各类生物类群的种类数和种群数量处于丰盛时期，物种丰富度和多样性指数均较高，种群优势度较低，群落综合指数在平均值以上。第二阶段，12月上旬一次年3月上旬，此期茶园物种丰富度和种群数量不高，多样性指数较低，群落综合指数在平均值附近波动。第三阶段，3月中旬一5月上旬，此期茶园内各种生物类群的物种丰富度和种群数量均开始增加，多样性指数较高，群落综合指数均高于平均值。第四阶段，5月中旬一币月下旬，此期由于假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量迅猛增长，导致种群优势度增大，均匀性指数和多样性指数减小，群落综合指数处于最低水平。第五阶段，7月上旬一8月上旬，此期多数物种的丰富度和种群数量较低，多样性指数不高，群落综合指数仍处于较低水平。第六阶段，8月中旬一10月下旬，此期物种丰富度和各种群数量开始回升，多样性指数开始增大，群落综合指数大大高于平均水平，是一年中多数生物种群最繁盛的时期。 5、以各样本中种类数与总个体数之比(S/m)，天敌总个体数与害虫总个体数之比(m。/m，)及与群落生态位宽度与种类数之比(B/S)为属性，利用灰序列生成原理，建立灰色动态稳定性判定模型。然后以s/m，“。/m，，B/S为变量，应用主成分分析，建立不同群落稳定性测度综合性指数。将该模型应用于福州、安溪、武夷山、福安等四地茶园群落相对稳定性的判定，四地茶园群落相对稳定性大小次序为:福州)安溪>武夷山>福安，与四地茶园的群落多样性指数的大小次序一致。 6、以福州茶园节肢动物群落特征指数时间序列为特征序列，福州气象台2002年10月至2003年10月逐日气温、相对湿度、降水量的数据，经周平均和非线性变换后作为系统相关序列，进行系统灰关联分析。结果为:(l)对于物种丰富度S的关联序为:相对湿度>气温>降水量。(2)对于多样性指数、均匀性指数，优势集中性指数和种群优势度的关联序均为:气温)相对湿度>降水量。对种群优势度做进一步分析，以各亚群落的种群优势度为特征序列进行系统灰关联分析，结果为:害虫(含蜡类)亚群落、捕食性天敌亚群落、寄生性天敌亚群落的关联序均为:气温歹相对湿度)降水量;中性昆虫亚群落的关联序为:相对湿度)气温)降水量。总体而言，这一年中气温、相对湿度、降水量三个气象因子对群落影响较大的是气温，相对湿度次之，降水量最小。 上述结果与实际基本相符，表明采用的数学方法及建立的数学模型是可行的，并验证了生物多样性可导致群落稳定性这一假说。对今后进一步探讨茶园节肢动物群落的结构以及对茶园有害种群的生态控制具有一定的理论和实践意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tea tree was originated in China with a long history. In recent decades, in order to gain higher and more steady yields of tea, the planting patterns were changed and the chemical fertilizers and insecticides were heavily applied, which inversely influenced the ecosystem of the tea plantation. As a result, the biodiversity indices declined and the dominant species of the diseases and insect pests of tea plants enhanced. Especially the insecticide residues in the tea, the resistance and resurgence of the pests have become more and more serious. So the sustainable ecological control of the tea pests has become more and more important and imminent for pollution-free tea.In order to understand the structure and dynamics of arthropod community and its mechanism of the community stability in the tea plantation, some mathematical models concerned were analyzed, improved and perfected by application of the theory of multivariate statistical analysis and the theory of grey system based on the mathematical ecology, finally the new mathematical models were further set up in this paper. The results were as follows.1. Structure and dynamics of the subcommunities in arthropod community were analyzed by the method of factor analysis (FA) based on the investigations in tea plantation. The results showed that the main species were smaller green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe and mites in the pest subcommunity. E. vitis was positively correlated with Flatidae and other leafhoppers. Here, the correlation with another meansthat they had the same increase or decrease in population. The mites were mainly positively correlated with aphids and thrips. The main predators were spiders, Polyrhachis vicina Roger, ants and Mantidae in the predatory subcommunity and positively correlated with them. The main parasites were hymenopterous chalcids, Proctotrupoidea and Aphelinidae in the parasitic insect subcommunity. Chalcidoidea was positively correlated with Proctotrupoidea, and Aphelinidae was positively correlated with Braconidae. The main neutral insects were mosquitoes, flies in Diptere and Collembola in the neutral insect subcommunity. Mosquitoes were positively correlated with flies.2. According to the investigation in tea plantation, taking the feature indices dynamics of arthropod community and their subcommunities as the attribute, the factor analysis was conducted and the following results were obtained. (1) The abundance and dominance of the general arthropod community were positively correlated with those of the pest subcommunity. While there was no correlation between the predatory subcommunity and the neutral insect subcommunity, and the parasitic insect subcommunity was not significantly correlated with other subcommunities, being partial to the predatory. (2) The biodiversity, evenness and dominant concentration indices of the general community were positively correlated with the pest insect subcommunity and the predatory insect subcommunity, while there was no correlation between the parasitic insect subcommunity and the neutral insect subcommunity. In the whole community structure and dynamics were positively correlated with the pest subcommunity and the predatory subcommunity, follow with the parasitic insectsubcommunity, while was not significantly correlated with the neutral insect subcommunity.3. Based on the principal component analysis, the synthetic indices for community system evaluation were established and applied to the cluster analysis of the correlation between arthropod community and other subcommunities. The results were the same as those of factor analysis.4. The period was divided into 6 stages from October 17, 2002 to October 24, 2003 according to the synthetic indices of system evaluation for arthropod community in Fuzhou tea plantation (short for synthetic indices of community) by the optimal sorting method. The first stage was from the second ten days of October to the end of November. In this period, the arthropod species, individual in tea plantation were abundant. The speci更多还原