【作者】 兰亦全；

【导师】 赵士熙；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 以黄豆、大麦、酵母粉为主成分，配以维生素C、胆固醇、氯化胆碱、琼脂、苯甲酸钠和乙酸配制成的人工饲料，可以满足甜菜夜蛾正常生长发育需要。与天然饲料(空心菜)相比，两者在发育历期、卵孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率、雌蛾寿命和性比上无明显差异，但人工饲料饲养的甜菜夜蛾其蛹重和产卵量显著高于天然饲料。室内连续饲养甜菜夜蛾14代，其产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、幼虫期、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹重和雌虫寿命等生物学指标均基本保持稳定，种群未出现退化现象。 分别采用点滴法和浸叶法对甜菜夜蛾相对敏感品系进行毒力测定，建立常用杀虫剂的敏感毒力基线。在此基础上，监测了福州建新、闽侯上街、南平建欧、厦门同安、莆田黄石以及漳州龙海等6地区甜菜夜蛾田间种群的抗药性水平，结果表明各地种群对顺式氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生了极高水平的抗性，抗性倍数高达上百倍至上千倍；其次为有机磷类中的毒死蜱、丙溴磷和辛硫磷，氨基甲酸酯类灭多威以及有机氯类硫丹，属中等至高水平抗性；阿维菌素、虫酰肼和虫螨腈为低水平至中等水平抗性；氟啶脲仍未出现明显抗性。甜菜夜蛾抗性谱广，抗性发展速度快。不同龄期幼虫抗药性存在显著差异，且随着龄期的增长抗药性不断增强。 用三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯对采自福建福州的田间甜菜夜蛾种群分别进行12代、10代和10代的室内抗性选育，抗性分别增长18.1倍、27.6倍和45.4倍，获得三氟氯氰菊酯抗性品系(Cyh-R)、氰戊菊酯抗性品系(Fen-R)和顺式氯氰菊酯抗性品系(Cyp-R)。在脱离药剂选择的条件下，分别研究甜菜夜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性稳定性和敏感性恢复实验结果表明，即使甜菜夜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性分别达522.9倍、669.7倍和2737.2倍，抗性仍不稳定，分别经10代、8代和9代饲养后抗性下降为60.8倍、90.8倍和180.5倍。田间抗性种群的抗性稳定性研究表明，甜菜夜蛾对这三种拟除虫菊酯的抗性也表现出不稳定性，在无杀虫剂选择的情况下，开始几代抗性下降较快，当下降至一定水平(6～10倍)后，抗性趋于基本稳定，很难完全恢复对拟除虫菊酯的敏感性。 甜菜夜蛾各抗性品系的交互抗性谱测定结果表明，选育前后Cyh-R抗性品系对摘要三氟氯氰菊醋的LD，值提高了1 8-1倍的同时，氰戊菊醋、顺式氯氰菊醋、澳氰菊酷和灭多威的LD，值分别提高了6.5倍、5.6倍、&5倍和72倍，而毒死蟀、辛硫磷、硫丹和虫酞麟的LD，值无明显差异，说明Cyh，R品系对氛戊菊醋、顺式氯氰菊醋、澳氰菊醋和灭多威具有一定程度的交互抗性，对毒死蜂、辛硫磷、硫丹和虫酸麟不存在交互抗性;Fen.R抗性品系和C”卜R抗性品系对溟氮菊酷均存在显著交互抗性，但对三氟氯氰菊酷、灭多威、氟健服、虫酞麟和虫蜻睛等药剂仍反应敏感。 采用剂量对数一死亡率机率值回归线(LL卜P线)分析法，利用室内选育的抗性品系和敏感品系，研究了甜菜夜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酷、氰戊菊酷和顺式氯氰菊酷的抗性遗传方式。结果证明甜菜夜蛾对这三种拟除虫菊醋类杀虫剂的抗性均为常染色体、多基因遗传，其主效基因为不完全显性。 通过构建甜菜夜蛾抗性品系和敏感品系的实验种群生命表，比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征，并用净增殖率来确定其相对适合度。结果表明，三氟氯氰菊酷抗性品系(Cyh一)、氰戊菊酷抗性品系(Fen.R)和顺式氯氰菊醋抗性品系(C酮卜R)与敏感品系(S)相比，均存在一定程度的繁殖与生长发育不利性，包括蛹重、雌蛾平均产卵量和卵孵化率的显著下降，以及幼虫历期延长.cyh一民Fen-R和CyP-R品系相对于敏感品系的适合度分别为0.39、0.53和0.47。 运用活体增效作用测定和离体生化实验相结合的方法，探讨甜菜夜蛾抗药性产生机理。PBo、sv:、Tpp、DEM在Cyh一品系和敏感品系中对三氟氯氰菊酷的增效倍数之比分别为14.1、82、1.1和3.8倍，Cyh-R品系的谷肤甘肤一s一转移酶活性是敏感品系的2.1倍，Cyh一R品系和敏感品系的梭酸醋酶活性、多功能氧化酶今脱甲基活性和乙酞胆碱醋酶对杀虫剂敏感性无明显差异，说明甜菜夜蛾对三氟氯氰菊醋的抗性与多功能氧化酶和谷肤甘肤一S转移酶的活性提高有关，与梭酸酷酶、多功能氧化酶。脱甲基作用和乙酞胆碱醋酶无关。PBO、Sv:、Tpp在Fen-R品系和Cyp一R品系中分别对氰戊菊酷和顺式氯氰菊醋有显著增效作用，Fen.R品系和CyP-R品系的梭酸醋酶活性分别为敏感品系的1 .51和2.10倍，两者的多功能氧化酶仆脱甲基活性分别为敏感品系的1 32和1.43倍，证明狡酸醋酶和多功能氧化酶活性增强是甜菜夜蛾对氰戊菊醋和顺式氯氰菊醋产生抗性的共同机制之一。在相同浓度下(4 oom留飞)，三氟氯氰菊醋、氰戊菊醋、顺式氯氛菊醋对敏感品系Na+-K十.街即出e的抑制率分别为70.33%、69.67%和“.02%，而对Cyh.R， Fen一和C”卜R抗性品系方摘要的抑制率仅为10.48努卜23.62%，抗性品系的抑制率显著低于敏感品系，这表明Na+.K+- ATPase对杀虫剂的敏感性降低也是甜菜夜蛾对三种拟除虫菊醋杀虫剂产生抗性的重要原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 An artificial diet consisted of soybean flour, barley, brewers yeast, vitamin C, cholesterol, choline chloride, agar, sodium benzoate and acetic acid, can support the development of Spodoptera exigua. No significant differences were found in development duration, eggs hatching percentage, pupation rate, emergence rate, female adults life or sex ratio compared with those feeding on natural diet ( water spinach), but pupal weight and fecundity of the female adults of 5. exigua reared on artificial diet were higher. Life parameters including the eggs number per female laying, eggs hatching percentage, larvae survival rate, larvae duration, pupation rate, emergence rate, pupal weight and female adults life kept stable during 14 consecutive generations of S. exigua reared on the artificial diet.The relative susceptible toxicity baselines of S. exigua to major insecticides in the laboratory condition were established with topical application and leaf dipping method. Resistance monitoring of S. exigua collected from Jianxin of Fuzhou, Shangjie of Minhou, Jianou of Nanping, Tong’an of Xiamen, Huangshi of Putian and Longhai of zhangzhou respectively, was carried out by the topicial application of the 4th instar larvae. The resistance monitoring results indicated that 5. exigua had developed extremely high resistance to pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin) ; the medium to high level resistance to chlorpyrifos, profenofos, phoxim, methomyl and endosulfan had occurred; the low to medium level resistance to abamectin, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr was found; But Spodoptera exigua was still susceptible to chlorfluazuron. Insecticides resistance developed very quickly with the larvae instars increasing.Cyhalothrin, fenvalerate and alpha-cypermethrin resistant strains (Cyh-R, Fen-R, Cyp-R) of S. exigua were respectively obtained by laboratory selection of a strain collected from Fuzhou, Fujian Province in 2000 for 12, 10 and 10 generations. After selection, their resistance increased by a 18.1,27.6 and 45.4 times respectively. When theselection pressure was moved, the resistance level decreased. The resistance ratio ofCyh-R declined from 522.9 to 60.8C after 10 generations). Fen-R from 669.7 to 90.8(after 8 generations ) and Cyp-R from 2737.2 to 180.5 ( after 9 generations ). This was found in field-collected resistant strain, too. Without contacting with pyrethriods, the resistance declined rapidly and then stayed at a 6-10 fold level. It seemed very difficult to recover susceptibility completely to the 3 pyrethriods.Cross-resistance was found in Cyh-R strain, which was 6.5 fold to fenvalerate, 5.6 fold to alpha-cypermethrin, 8.5 fold to deltamethrin and 12 fold to methomyl, but no cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos. phoxim, endosulfan. tebufenozide. Fen-R and Cyp-R strains showed significant cross-resistance to deltamethrin, but were still sensitive to cyhalothrin, methomyl, chlorfluazuron, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr.The mode of inheritance of resistance to cyhalothrin, fenvalerate and alpha-cypermethrin in S. exigua was evaluated by log dose-probit mortality curves. The genetic analysis results indicated that cyhalothrin, fenvalerate and alpha- cypermethrin resistance appeared to be controlled by multiple autosomal genes and the major genes involved were incompletely dominant.The effects of cyhalothrin, fenvalerate and alpha-cypermethrin resistance on fitness in S. exigua were evaluated in terms of developmental and reproductive characteristics. Life tables of Cyh-R, Fen-R, Cyp-R and susceptible strain (S) were also constructed to determine relative fitness by intrinsic rate (R0) . The results showed that the 3 resistant strains possessed significantly reproductive and developmental disadvantages, including prolonged larval duration, lighter pupa weight, lower mean eggs number per female laying and decreased eggs hatching percentage when compared with S strain. Cyh-R, Fen-R and Cyp-R strains were calculated to have a fitness value of 0.39, 0.53, and 0.47 rel更多还原