【作者】 郑宝东；

【导师】 郑金贵；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 莲子属睡莲科莲属(Nympheaceae Nelumbo Adans)，是我国水生蔬菜栽培中的特种宿根经济植物，也是我国重要的特产优质资源。本项目收集我国具代表性的22种野生及栽培莲子种质资源，分布范围为东经110°45′～119°43′，北纬25°58′～39°07′。研究其外观品质、营养及保健品质、加工品质和遗传多样性，从而建立莲子种质资源数据库及资源图谱，并实现品质研究的实践应用。 1、外观品质是鲜莲国内外贸易主要的质量指标，目前尚未有国家和国际标准。对5项外观品质指标纵径、横径、纵横径比、每百克粒数、单蓬生莲率进行了研究，利用电子扫描技术，建立莲子种质资源实物图谱。外观品质研究结果表明，莲子品种间纵横径比差异显著，莲子每百克粒数与反其食味品质的直链淀粉含量(AC)差异最大，变异系数均高达30％以上。按现行企业出口标准每100g小于50粒，福建和江西各主栽品种均能达到要求。收集到的两个野生品种白洋淀野生莲和野生洪湖莲AC最小，分别为6.151％和7.578％。品质间相关性研究表明，莲子外观品质中的每百克粒数、单蓬生莲率与食味品质存在极显著的相关性(r＞0.6，n=22)，每百克粒数越多，即莲子越小，食味品质越好，为鲜莲国家标准的制定提供重要依据。莲子纵横径比，每百克粒数与多酚氧化酶活性(PPO)有显著的正相关(r＞0.49)：横径与PPO活性有极显著的负相关(r=-0.6229)，即莲子越小，PPO活性越高，该成果为选择适宜加工品种提供依据。 2、营养品质研究表明，莲子中的碳水化合物和蛋白质含量较高，碳水化合物平均含量达24.3％，蛋白质平均含量达到7.8％，属于蛋白质含量较高的硬果食物。维生素C含量最高的建宁莲3号(134.5mg／kg)是含量最低的武昌莲(5.7mg／kg)的23倍；维生素E含量的平均值为4.6 mg／kg，含量最高的广昌莲4号(6.8mg／kg)是含量最低的武昌莲(2.8 mg／kg)的2.4倍；VB1含量平均值达2.24 mg／Kg，含量最高的里叶红花莲(3.56 mg／kg)是含量最低的家生洪湖莲(0.73 mg／kg)的4.9倍；VB2含量平均值为0.13 mg／kg，含量最高的建瓯太空莲(0.21 mg／kg)是含量最低的江苏水选1号(0.06mg／kg)的3.5倍；VB6含量平均值为3.03 mg／kg，含量最高的建瓯莲(4.56mg／kg)是含量最低的野生洪湖莲(1.62 mg／kg)的2.8倍；莲子不含有VA和VD。莲子中钙含量的平均值为445 mg／kg，含量最高的武昌莲(1139 m眺g)是含量最低的白洋淀野生莲(211 mg/kg)的5.4倍;莲子中磷含量 的平均值为1715m叭g，含量最高的里叶红花莲(2157m叭g)是含量最 低的家生洪湖莲(785m叭g)的2.7倍;莲子中铁含量的平均值为13m叭g， 含量最高的品种是建宁花排莲和湘白莲(18m叭g)，含量最低的品种是家 生洪湖莲和野生洪湖莲(5m酬kg);莲子中锌含量的平均值为13 mg/kg，含量 最高的美人红莲(Zlm眺g)是含量最低的家生洪湖莲(5m叭g)的2.6倍。 莲子的氨基酸组成齐全，但是品种间的差异很大。必需氨基酸总量占氨基 酸总量平均为28%，绝大多数莲子品种的赖氨酸(Lys)含量在必需氨基酸 组成中最高，Lys占氨基酸总量平均达到6.3%，其中，白洋淀野生莲场s 含量最高，为219.9m叭g，占氨基酸总量的7.9%，广昌常规莲含量最低， 为61 .8 mg吸g，因此鲜莲在一些特定人群的饮食中具有一定的意义，可以 补充赖氨酸摄取的不足，提高蛋白质的吸收率。而蛋氨酸和肤氨酸含量远 远低于其他氨基酸的含量，因此含硫氨酸是莲子的第一限制性氨基酸。该 项研究补充了现有《食物成分表》的不足。3、保健品质的研究表明，莲子中多糖含量平均为7.45m留g鲜重，含量最高的 品种为建宁花排莲，比有代表性种质资源平均值高78.8%，比含量最低的 品种(武昌莲)高158.1%;莲子中总黄酮含量平均374m姚g，含量最高 的莲子品种“广昌莲3号”(664m叭g鲜重)比平均值高77.5%，比含量 最低的品种家生洪湖莲(1 67m叭g鲜重)高297.6%;超氧化物歧化酶活 性平均7，80U/mg，活性最高的品种建欧太空莲(18.ooU/mg蛋白)比平均 值高130.8%，比活性最低的品种江苏洪湖莲(3 .18U/mg蛋白)高4“%。 研究出保持莲子营养成分的最佳食品加工技术一单体速冻(IQF)，经IQF 后的莲子其SOD在冻藏一年后仍能保持80%的活性，而干莲只保留约30% 活性。4、加工品质研究表明，与莲子深加工有关的加工品质有:直链淀粉含量(AC)、 PPO活性、POD活性及多酚含量。莲子中PPO活性均较高，平均达 5一6U/g.FW，江西太空莲3号Ppo活性最低，为220U/g.FW，可作为速冻 莲子首选原料，莲子中POD活性低，平均为91 .2U/g.FW，速冻建莲加工 中的关键技术问题是PPO引起的酶促褐变，而不是POD引起的氧化异味， 速冻莲子生产中可以采用不热烫工艺。莲子品种间AC差异大，平均为 14.81%，AC最高的品种浙江里叶红花莲，为21.25%，两个野生品种野生 洪湖莲与白洋淀野生莲AC最低，分别为6.151%和7.578%，是优良的莲子 汁加工原料。经诱变育种而成的太空莲之间的AC也存在较大差异，其含 量范围在11 .88一20.14%之间，平均为15.8%，高于供试品种AC平均值。5、应用同功酶生化指标和RAPD遗传多态性进行莲子的聚类分?更多还原

【Abstract】 Lotus-seed, belonging to Nympheaceae Nelumbo Adans, is an important high quality resource in China. Twenty-two representive lotus-seeds wild and cultivar germplasm resources were collected from China and the distribution range is east longitude 110045’~119043’ north latitude 25058’~39007’. Appearance quality, nutrition quality, healthy quality, processing quality and genetic diversity were studied. Moreover, lotus-seed germplasm resources database and resource atlas were established, and the practical application of quality researches were realized.1. Appearance quality is a main quality index in the domestic and overseas fresh lotus-seed trade, which hasn’t national and international standards presently. Five main appearance quality indexes of lotus-seed, which are length, width, the length to width (LWR), fresh lotus-seed rate per lotus-pod, were studied. The lotus-seed germplasm resources atlas were established by electron-scan technology. The results indicated that the differences of LWR were remarkable among the varieties.The differences of grains per 100 gram and amylose content(AC), which was directly related to edible quality, are the greatest, coefficient of variance(CV) exceeding 30%. The main lotus-seed cultivars of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces both can achieve the standard of per 100 gram lotus-seeds less than 50 grains according to the present corporation’s export standards.The AC of two wild lotus-seed varieties, Baiyangdian wild lotus-seed and Honghu wild lotus-seed, were lowest, 6.151%, 7.578% respectively. The relativity analysis of qualities indicated that grains per 100 gram, fresh lotus-seed rate per lotus-pod, no-core lotus-seed rate and edible quality had highest relativity( r=0.6, n=22), the more grains per 100 gram, namely the smaller the lotus-seed, the better the edible quality. The study could provide an important reference for the construction of GB of fresh lotus-seed. There is significant relevancy(r>0.49) among LWR, grains per 100 gram and PPO activity. There is significant relevancy between width and PPO activity (r=-0.6229). Thus the smaller the lotus-seed, the higher the PPO activity. This research result could offer practical recommendation for selecting the varieties for the process of lotus-seeds.2. The contents of carbohydrate and protein are higher in the lotus-seed. The average contents of carbohydrate and protein are 24.3% and 7.8% respectively. Lotus-seeds belongs to high-protein food. The content of Vitamin C of Jianning 3 lotus-seed (134.5mg/kg) is 23 times of that of Wuchang lotus-seed (5.7mg/kg).The average content of Vitamin E is 4.6mg/kg, the maximum (Max) is Guangchang 4 lotus-seed (6.8mg/kg), 2.4 times of the minimum (Min) Wuchang lotus-seed (2.8mg/kg). The average content of Vitamin B1 is 2.24mg/kg, the Max is Liyehonghua lotus-seed (3.56mg/kg), 4.9 times of the Min Honghu Jiasheng lotus-seed (0.73mg/kg). The average content of Vitamin B2 is 0.13mg/kg, the Max is Jianou Taikong lotus-seed (0.21mg/kg), 3.5 times of the Min Jiangshu Shuixuan 1lotus-seed (0.06mg/kg). The average content of Vitamin B6 is 3.03mg/kg, the Max is Jianou lotus-seed (4.56mg/kg), 2.8 times of the Min wild Honghu lotus-seed (1.62mg/kg). Lotus-seed haven’t contained Vitamin A and Vitamin D.The average content of Zinc is 13mg/kg, the Max is Meirenhong lotus-seed (21mg/kg), 4.2 times of the Min Honghu Jiasheng lotus-seed (5mg/kg). The average content of Calcium is 445mg/kg, the Max is Wuchang lotus-seed (1139mg/kg), 5.4 times of the Min Baiyangdian wild lotus-seed (211mg/kg). The average content of phosphorus is 1715mg/kg, the Max is Liyehonghua lotus-seed (2157mg/kg), 2.7 times of the Min Honghu Jiasheng lotus-seed (785mg/kg). The average content of Iron is 13mg/kg, the Max is Jianning huapai lotus-seed and Xiangbai lotus-seed (18mg/kg), the Min is Honghu Jiasheng lotus-seed and Honghu wild lotus-seed (5mg/kg). Lotus-seed contains complete animo acid, but the differences of varieties are significant. The average content of the essential animo acid (EAA) is 28% in the total animo acid (TAA)更多还原