【作者】 郭春景；

【导师】 王凤友；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 生态学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本论文通过微生物肥料的施用，研究使有益微生物成为微生物群落内的优势种群，而有害微生物被控制在一个低的允许水平，宿主土壤处于优良状态，寄主植物处于健壮生长、抗逆性最佳状态，以获得较高的产量，优良的品质，从而得到最佳的经济和社会效益以及良好的生态效益。论文研究内容包括微生物肥料中的有益微生物的菌种筛选；有益微生物间的相互作用关系及其最佳发酵生产工艺；微生物肥料中使用的最佳载体及其灭菌方法；微生物肥料工业化生产工艺；用有代表性地区的土壤作为基质，采用盆栽实验法进行真实土壤条件下的肥效试验；微生物肥料的肥效及其对施用地微生态环境的影响作用评价。 选用黑龙江省科学院应用微生物研究所从我省不同类型土壤中分离、保藏的土壤有益微生物(固氮细菌，解磷细菌，硅酸盐细菌和放线菌)，对各菌株的相互拮抗性进行了研究，筛选、驯化出了互不拮抗的优良菌株。采用摇瓶试验法和小型全自动发酵罐培养法研究出了培养微生物肥料中所用菌种的最佳培养基配方和发酵生产工艺，并推广应用到大型工业化生产，建成了年产3000吨菌剂的发酵生产车间和2万吨微生物肥料生产车间。 通过考察不同菌种在不同灭菌条件(巴氏灭菌法，高压湿热灭菌法和γ-射线灭菌法)下的不同载体(褐煤，草炭，蛭石和珍珠岩)的存活时限以及载体中所含有的成分将要对菌体保存和对土壤的增肥及微生态作用等综合因素，确定了最佳灭菌方法和最佳载体。 选用微生物肥料小区试验地的土壤为基质，采用盆栽试验法模仿真实土壤条件，研究微生物肥料的肥效和微生态效益。最终确定微生物肥料可替代化肥的比例，并显著提高作物的品质，增加盆栽土壤中的速效氮、磷、钾的含量，改善盆栽土壤中的有机质含量和微生物数量等微生态指标。 为了进一步检验微生物肥料的肥效及其微生态效益，我们进行了田间小区试验。田间试验基本上达到了盆栽试验的肥效，尤其是在提高土壤有机质含量，增加土壤中的微生物数量，增强一些作物的抗病性等微生态学方面的影响表现得尤为明显。 通过本文的研究，认为微生物肥料是一种有着广阔应用前景的肥料，尤其是其在改善土壤微生态环境，实现种植业绿色、可持续发展方面所起到的作用更是化肥所不能比拟的。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, the author applied the microbial fertilizer to the field to promote the useful microbes to be dominant and control over the useless microbes to a low level permitted, and to make the field s soil a well status, plants grow well in the soil and its ability of anti-disease .By the end, we can get high production, very good quality of products, and the optimal economic, social and environmental effects.This paper mainly includes the following aspects:1. the selection of useful microbes in microbial fertilizer; 2. the interaction of the strains of the microbial fertilizer and the studies of the best fermentation method; 3. the selection the carriers of the microbial fertilizer; 4. the study of the manufacturing technology of microbial fertilizer; 5.the study of effects of fertilizer in soil-pot experiment ; and 6. the studies of effects of fertilizer and environment in the field experiment by analyzing of organic matter, pH value, amount of microbes, dissolved N, P, K, soil respiration rate, the growth of plants fertilized and the quality of plant products.The paper studied the intercontradicting effects among the strains (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Actinomycetes sp.) selecting from Heilongjiang different soils by the Applying Microbial Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences. From the strains, we tamed and selected some nonintercontradicting strains. By using the selected strains(tamed and selected from these experimental strains), the author investigate media and techniques for fermentation industrial production, and its two workshops with yield of 3000 tons fermented liquid and yield 20000 tons of microbial fertilizer.By testing the microbial living surviving on the 4 media(lignite, perlite, vermiculite and Peat) sterilized by 3 different sterilizing method(Barshteur, high temperature, y -ray sterilization), the author discovered that gamma-ray sterilizing way was the best and lignite combined with peat(4:1)was the best sterilizing method and carrier respectively for the fertilizer microbes.The pot experiments indicated that soil condition were improved. The results showed microbial fertilizer might take place of chemical fertilizer by the degree of 40%, and the quality of products, the amount of available of N, P, K, and amount of organic matter, and quantity of the microbes in the soil fertilized increase. The field experiment provided the same increase results as that from soil experiment. It also showed some better results in some aspects, such as increasing amount of organic matter, increasing the quantity of microbes, increasing the ability of anti-diseases. Through the above data, the author concluded that microbial fertilizer could have a widely use in future, especially in improving soil microecological enviroment and establish orgonic and sustainable agriculture for crop enterprises. These benefits of microbial fertilizer could not be replaced by chemical fertilizers.更多还原