【作者】 耿叙武；

【导师】 王凤友；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 生态学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 崂山风景区作为国家级风景名胜区，在宏观尺度上的生态学研究方面目前是空白。本文将景观生态学的理论与崂山风景区的实际相结合，应用景观格局分析方法、GIS(ARC／INFO)和数理统计等多种手段，对3个不同年代的景观格局动态变化规律及森林景观评价指标进行研究，并将这些评价指标应用于崂山风景区的保护管理、开发利用等工作实践中，对崂山建立合理的特色自然景观、人文景观以及资源的可持续利用和景区的建设具有重大的理论和实践意义；同时本文结合部分学者的资源评价理论，首次对崂山风景区的森林生态系统服务功能进行了综合评价，为今后景区的森林生态效益补偿提供了效益计量评价的基础。本文研究结果表明： 1、通过对崂山风景区近20年的景观变化数据进行分析，从1983到1991年，斑块数目由217个减少至209个，景观破碎化逐步减弱；而1991到2001年间，斑块数目增加至231个，景观异质性也有所增高，呈现出破碎化程度加剧的趋势。 2、崂山风景区的景观多样性水平不高，存在着一种或几种斑块类型在景观中占有绝对优势的现象。其中落叶松林斑块的面积最大，黑松林次之，其它的主要斑块类型所占比重依次为：刺槐林＞赤松林＞杨树林＞空地＞栎林＞油松林。通过比较83～01年间的3种指数的变化，看出多样性指数与均匀度指数均呈上升的趋势，其中多样性指数从83年的1.2869上升到01年的1.4305；与之相反，优势度呈下降的趋势。 3、崂山风景区景观斑块的分布与坡度呈正态分布，在11～40°的坡度区中多样性有明显的上升，且上升幅度均在0.15以上；斑块分布与坡向没有较大关系，分布较均匀，在阳坡的所占比例略大，依次为：阳坡＞阴坡＞半阳坡＞半阴坡；斑块集中分布在201～800m的高程区，斑块数与多样性在海拔401～600m达到最高值，说明在此海拔变异程度最高。 4、20年来风景区景观斑块聚集度均在65以上，说明斑块聚集程度很高。整体分维指数较低且变化较小。除赤松林外，其变化范围均在1.25～1.35之间，说明各斑块类型的边界形状比较规则。有林地中主要斑块类型的斑块散布与毗邻指数，在91～01年间有明显上升，说明有林地的分布呈零散分布的趋势。斑块总体连接度指数偏小，都在35以下，连接程度不高。 5、应用马尔可夫转移概率模型对森林景观格局的变化趋势进行了分析、模拟和动态预测。从转移矩阵来看，91～01年景观斑块变化程度比83～91年大很多，20年来阔叶林有向针叶林斑块扩展的趋势。转移多发生在有林地内部，未成林地的面积逐渐减小。预测2011年总有林地面积将减少66.4 hm~2，比2001年减少0.92％。未成林地减少4 .1 5 hmZ，减少46.68%，特用地与空圳守增加70.59 hmZ，增加29.84%;针叶相守会减少3.64%，阔叶相各增加32.430/0，杂木林减少33.920/0。总体说明阔叶林相对具有较大的竞争潜力，黑松林、落叶松林的斑块面积将进一步减小，人为干扰会进一步加大，有林地面积将逐步减少。 6、唠山风景区森林目前平均活立木蓄积量为86.22m3·h耐，基本接近全国生态公益林的平均水平(88.1耐·h耐)。在其现有的4726hm2森林中，生态效益较好的阔叶林(包括刺槐林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林等)只有91OhmZ，仅占森林总面积的19.20k，林木蓄积量只有1 6.40rk，还不到其林分面积所占的比例;而落叶松林与黑松林二者的蓄积量占总蓄积量的830/0，多为纯林，造成其林相单一，结构简单，生态功能相对较差，林分改造的要求非常迫切。 7、唠山风景区现有的森林年经济价值为1.08xl扩元·a一，，其中森林的有形产品 (木材和薪碳材)价值为3.77 xl扩元·a一‘，占3.50/0，无形产品(生态系统服务功能产品)的价值为1.04xl了元·a一‘，占96.5?0，森林生态系统的木材价值只是很小的一部分，远远低于其涵养水源和净化空气等生态服务价值，两者经济价值之比为1:27.6。 8、将森林无形产品价值按水(水源涵养)、土(土肥)、气(维持大气平衡)、生物多样性和风景进行分类，其生态系统服务功能价值分别为6.35 xl了元·a一‘，3.44 xlo了元·留，4.oxlo，元·a一，、0.52x106元·a一，和2.24x1)元·a一l，各占森林总生态效益的5.88%，31.8%，37.0%，0.48%和20.7%。 9、唠山风景区现有的森林维持C02和O，的平衡价值为1.42xlJ元·a一，，占森林总生态效益的13.lry0;嵘山风景区旅游资源评价指标体系中森林景观资源所占权重值为0.1 12，每年森林旅游收入可达到2.24 x IJ元·日，占到了全部森林经济价值的20.70/0，目.森林旅游景观服务的价值将随着林木的生长和森林质量的提高而逐年增加，其保护价值非常巨大。 10、建议在今后的森林经营管理过程中，应多向复层混交林方向发展。嵘山风景区地处暖温带，水热充沛，原生森林群落为暖温带落叶阔叶林地带，是以阔叶树种为主的多树种的复层混交林类型，森林的改造应以此为模拟对象;在树种结构上使其恢复为以多树种的、多层结构的、与气候带相协调的落叶阔叶林或混交林群落。更多还原

【Abstract】 Laoshan scenic spot, regarded as national-scenic spot, is still blank at present in ecology research on macro-scale. So this text combine together with landscape ecological theory and Laoshan practical scenic spot and use many kinds of means , such as the pattern analytical method of the view and mathematical statistics ,etc. Through studying the laws of landscape pattern dynamic change and the quantitative-evaluation index of forest landscape on 3 period of various years, we apply the laws to protective management, utilization and development of Laoshan scenic spot to set up rational characteristic natural landscape and humanity landscape. That will has a great significance in theory and practice to sustainable utilizing the forest resource and constructing the scenic spot of Laoshan. Meanwhile this text synthesize resource appraise theories from some scholar and as the first time in Laoshan history to comprehensively appraise the forest ecosystem service function in Laoshan scenic spot, which further provided a basis on count and valuation of ecological profit and "ecological compensation" in the scenic spot forest . In this text, results of study indicate:1. Through analyzing the landscape dynamic change in 1983.1991.2001, we found that from 1983 to 1991,the patch number decreased from 217 to 209 and Landscape Brokenness subside progressively, but from 1991 to 2001,the patch number increased to 231 and Landscape Heterogeneity increase, which demonstrate that the degree of brokenness aggravates.2. The landscape diversity level is not high in Laoshan scenic spot. Patches are mainly filled with black pine and larch, and for some landscapes only one type or several types of patches predominates , in which patches. The area order of forest type is Larix kaempferi forest > Pinus thunbergii forest > Robinia pseudoacacia forest > Finns densiflora forest > Alnus ssp. forest > spare ground > Querus acutissiima forest > Pinus tabulaeformis forest. In the comparison of 3 diversity index from 1983 to 2001, the tends show that the landscape diversity and the evenness tend to ascend and the dominance tend to drop, especially the diversity increase from 1.2869 in 1983 to 1.4305 in 2001.3. In Laoshan scenic spot, the distribution and the slope of landscape patch show a normal distribution in statistics, variety there is obvious rising among 11-40 slope district, and the accessional range is above 0.15. patch distribute dose not have great relation to the slope and the distribution is relatively even, patches occupying a large partin the exposure slope. The order by the count rate should be: sunny slope > shady slope > half sunny slope > half shady slope; The kinds of patch concentrate in high district 201-800m, patches and diversity are up to the highest point at 401-600m of elevation, which means a very high heterogeneity of elevation there.4. Over the past 20 years, the fractal index as whole in Laoshan scenic spot is relatively low and with little change.Its change range is between 1.25-1.35 except for Pinus densiflora forest, which prove that every type of patch border is relatively regular. In forested land the interspersion and juxtaposition index of main patches are in little change from 1983 to 1991, but they rise obviously in 1991-2001, which proves that forested land distribute randomly. Overall connectance index is low, under 35 for all patches. Moreover, aggregation index are all above 65 and gather degree is very high.5. Using Markov model we analysis, simulate and predict the variative trends of Laoshan scenic spot. According to trnsfer matrices, the changes in 1983-1991 are less than that in 1991-2001. There are tends for broadleaf-tree stands to extend to the conifer stands. Most of shifting occur at inner place in woodlands. The area of seedling land will be further decrease.By Markov model we predict that total area of woodland will decrease 66.4hm2 in 2011, decreasing as much as 0.92% of that in 2001. The area of seedling land will decrease 4.15 hm2or as much as 46.68% of that in 200更多还原