节点文献

中国植物保护科学技术发展战略研究

Development Strategy of Plant Protection Science and Technology in China

【作者】 戴小枫

【导师】 梅方权;

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 , 农业经济与管理, 2003, 博士

【摘要】 中国农业生物灾害每年造成了巨大损害,常年发生灾害面积超过30亿亩次,损失粮食15%、棉花25%以上,严重制约农产品产量与质量的提高,危及粮食安全、食品安全、生物安全、生态环境保护和可持续发展,研究中国植物保护科学技术的发展战略是一个迫切需要解决的重大问题,具有理论和实践意义。这是一个综合性和专业性密切结合的复杂问题。为此,作者综合运用多学科的多种方法,从植物保护科学技术的不同层面和方向,进行了系统的分析与综合研究。 本项研究是第一次比较系统地探讨21世纪农业发展新时期中国植物保护技术的发展战略问题,重点在以下领域进行了创新性的探索: 一是系统的分析了国际植物保护科学技术发展的趋势:论文以我国植物保护科学技术发展战略为重点,从农业减灾、生态安全、可持续发展和现代高新技术农业应用等多角度对我国农作物重大病虫草灾害的预防与控制技术的发展现状、技术研究与应用面临的问题和挑战,中国与国际先进水平的差距等问题进行了系统的综合分析,对与植物保护技术发展战略密切相关的关键技术领域进行了重点的回顾、总结和评述,对当前国际植物保护技术的发展现状和动态进行了深入的探讨,总结提出了生物技术应用空前加速、数字化发展全面渗透、技术的环保性和效益性要求更加严格、GMO安全性和外来生物入侵预防与控制问题异军突起、“一地多灾”综合灾变机理研究已现端倪、区域性多对象多目标可持续控制势在必行等国际植物保护科学技术发展的趋势和方向; 二是首次提出了中国植物保护科学技术的发展模式和道路:在系统回顾、总结分析国际植物保护科学与技术发展历程的基础上,凝练出带头学科交替拉动和科学革命质变起爆的植物保护科学发展模式,需求牵引的单个技术更迭与科学先导的技术体系综合发展等植物保护技术发展规律,给出了未来中国植物保护科学技术发展“生物技术一马当先,高新技术多点起爆,互作机理核心支撑,4部引擎联合驱动,全面推进植物保护科学技术革命,建立为全面建设小康社会宏伟目标提供支撑的新型植物保护科学技术体系”的模式和发展道路。 三是综合性地提出了我国植物保护科学技术发展的总体战略、发展目标、优先方向和重点研究内容:重点研究和系统阐述了生物农药、环境相容化学农药、农业转基因安全和危险性外来生物预防与控制研究等“4部引擎”的发展思路、战略、目标,以及植物保护科学技术在基础性工作、基础研究、高技术前沿、关键技术等不同技术层次的重点研究内容,提出了新时期我国植物保护科学技术研究发展的优先方向是有害生物一作物互作机理研究、生物农药创制、环境相容化学农药开发、农业转基因安全和危险性外来生物预防与控制研究等五大领域;针对植物保护科学技术自身特点、发展规律和我国现状,提出了在“预防为主、综合防治”植保方针下,未来植物保护科学技术发展中应始终把握和坚持“4个紧密结合”的原则,即宏观与微观紧密结合,生物技术与信息技术紧密结合,关键技术研究与基础研究、基础性工作紧密结合,前沿高技术与传统常规技术紧密结Z‘ 四是创新性地提出了相应的植物保护科学技术发展的对策与建议: 1.从组织制度和体制创新的角度,提出了把农业有害生物灾害预防与控制问题纳入国家生物安全整体战略的发展新观念,提出了成立农业生物灾害国家管理委员会,建立官方植保官制度,改革我国农林动植物有害生物检疫检验管理体制,建立农业生物灾害公共危机应急控制制度和机制,完善动植物有害生物预防控制测报系统,加强动植物有害生物防灾减灾保障系统建设。 2.从依法治国的角度,在完善和建立国家法律法规体系中,提出新建立“植物检疫与植物保护法”、“官方植物保护官试行条例”、“外来入侵生物预防与控制法”、“国家农业生物灾害预防与控制法”等法规,以及修改和补充“农业法”、 “环境保护法”、“对外贸易法”、“国家公共安全法”、“刑法”等法律法规的相关条款,和有法必依、执法必严等政策建议。 3.从国家产业政策和投资政策的角度,研究提出了坚持农业生物灾害的社会公益性质不动摇、农业科研公益性定位不动摇、农业科研基地国家投资主体地位不动摇、农业科学技术的完整体系不动摇、政府为主体的投入渠道和机制不动摇、坚持政府对公共产品实行积极干预的方针,坚持国家目标与市场目标相结合的原则,用好世贸组织的绿箱政策、改革国家财政对农业科技现有的支持方式、增加国家财政对植物保护技术科研与推广应用的投入等政策建议。 4,在国家科技政策建议中,针对一植物保护科学技术创新能力和保障支撑体系建设,提出了建设“一个中心五大基地”(即植物保护基础研究创新中心、外来生物入侵预防与控制基地、农业应用微生物基因资源与基因改良研究基地、农业转基因产品安全性评价研究基地、新型农药创制基地、有害生物可持续控制技术研究基地为核心的学科体系、创新能力建设)的布局和建议,以此为基础建设以国家植物保护科研基地为核心、区域性植物保护技术创新中心为支撑和网络的国家植物保

【Abstract】 Agricultural biological disasters can cause enormous losses every year in China. The coverage of such biological disasters has exceeded 3 billion WM/times each year. The loss caused by such disasters is over 15% in grain production and over 25% in cotton field. This has seriously constrained yield increase and quality improvement of agricultural products. It is an urgent issue to carry out study on the scientific strategy of plant protection in China. It is a complex problem that closely combining the comprehensiveness with special subject. Therefore, it is essential to conduct systematic analysis and comprehensive research by using multiple methods of multiple domains and at different profiles and different domains of plant protection science and technology.This project is the first investigation on probing the strategic problem of plant protection technology during the new age of agricultural development in the 21stcentury in China with focus on the innovative probes in the following domains:Firstly, the project has systematically analyzed the development trend of international plant protection science and technology: The application of biotechnology has unprecedented intensified; digital development has penetrated in an all round way; stricter requirements have been posed on the specificity, plant protection and efficiency of technology; GMO safety and the prevention and control issues of foreign organism invasion have become a new force suddenly coming to the fore; the study on the comprehensive disaster mechanism of "multiple disasters in one location" has an inkling of the matter; it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive control with regional multiple-objective and multiple-aim. Meanwhile, the study has also analyzed the gap between China and the international advanced levels as well as the existing problems.Secondly, the project has comprehensively put forward the overall strategy, development objective, prime orientation and key study content of plant protection technology in China. The project has focused on and systematically expounded the development thinking, strategy and objective of "four engine" in biological pesticides, environment compatible chemical pesticides, agricultural transgenic safety and prevention and control of hazard foreign organism invasion, as well as the key study content in basic work, basic research, the forefront of high technology and key technology at different technical levels. The project has putforward five priority domains in plant protection study in China in the new age. They are interaction mechanism between hazard organisms and crops, development of biological pesticides, development of environment compatible chemical pesticides, agricultural transgenic safety, and prevention and control of hazard foreign organism invasion. On the basis of the characters, development rules and present status of plant protection technology, the project has put forward recommendations that we should master "four closely-combined" principles in the development of future plant protection technology in accordance with the plant protection principles of "putting prevention first while undertaking comprehensive control measures". In other words, close combination of macro and micro controls, close combination of biotechnology and information technology, and close combination of key technology research and basic research as well as basic work, and close combination of forefront high technology and traditional conventional technology.Thirdly, the project has proposed the model of plant protection technology development in China. Through summing-up analysis of the evolution model of leading domain in plant protection science, development model of scientific revolution, the promotion model of plant protection technology and the model of technical systems, the project has put forward the suggestion that a new model and new path of "developing a new plant protection technological system with biotechnology taking the lead, multiple explosion of high and new technology, centrally supporte

节点文献中: 

本文链接的文献网络图示:

本文的引文网络