人的担保基本制度研究

【作者】 朱凡；

【导师】 张玉敏；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 民商法， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 按照担保人提供的债的担保是担保人的信用以及一般财产，还是特定的财产，债的担保可以分为人的担保和物的担保。以债权债务关系以外的第三人的信用和一般责任财产担保债务的，是人的担保；而以债务人或第三人的特定财产的优先受偿权利担保债务履行的，是物的担保。 物的担保因为具有物权的支配性、优先性、追及性以及在有了广泛而健全的登记制度后所具有的公示性，对于债权人具有相当的说服力，因此也受到实务界和理论界的追捧，关于物的担保的著作与实用指南类的书籍汗牛充栋。但是与物的担保具有相同功能并且在安全性上毫不逊色的人的担保，在理论研究与实践中却遭到冷遇。原因是什么?笔者以为有二，一是人们对人的担保的认识基本上还停留在保证制度上，认为人的担保就是保证，对人的担保的其他形式——专业机构担保、独立担保、备用信用证、连带债务、信用保证保险——了解不多，自然也谈不上应用；二是在经历了过去二十余年来信用缺失、鱼龙混杂的不规范市场之后，债权人更愿意接受看得见的实实在在担保物，而不是一项承诺。 实际上，人的担保是一项具有极强适应性的制度，其中保证制度在古罗马法就被称为”最佳担保”，在担保债权方面具有物的担保不可取代的优势。其设定简单，不需要登记、保管以及评估，且执行程序简单、低费用；不受债务人破产的影响；能保持债务人和担保人的信用；可利用自然人保证向公司法人股东和高管转移公司债务风险，督促其合理行为；人的担保在国际贸易领域通行；另外还帮助中小企业融资，促进消费信贷以及农村信贷发展，有利于建立良好的信用征集体系等等。 因此笔者选择了人的担保基本制度研究作为博士毕业论文的题目，希望通过对人的担保基本制度的研究，让更多的人更全面的了解人的担保制度，引导人们在实务中更多地应用人的担保，同时也对我国现行人的担保制度提出意见，避免制度的欠缺成为经济发展的法律瓶颈。 本文共有二十万余言，分七章。除第一章概论外，有关保证制度的有三章，主要涉及保证的历史考与比较研究、我国保证制度的评析以及特殊保证;第五章是独立担保，第六章讨论了连带债务，最后一章是信用保证保险。 在第一章人的担保概述中，首先笔者提出了界定人的担保的两项标准:第一，从外部关系看，人的担保设定了一项债权，是债权式担保;将其与物的担保区分开来。第二，从债务人与担保人的内部关系看，担保人并不最终承担债务，将其与自己债务相区别。满足此三项标准的制度均为本文的研究对象，因此本文包括了保证、特殊保证(人事保证、票据保证、信用委任等)、独立担保、连带债务以及信用保证保险等。在对各项人的担保制度进行简要介绍后，笔者对人的担保的功能做了挖掘工作。笔者实际上在对功能的论述中也阐明了本文的写作意义，那就是整合分散的人的担保制度，让人们真正了解并利用。人的担保之功能具有极大的适应性，其基本功能和灵活应用所发挥出来的效用让笔者深深臣服于她的制度魅力。不仅在债权保全方面以其简单快捷取胜而不输于物的担保，而且在国际贸易领域一枝独秀，独立担保成为银行重要的业务。除担保债权的基本功能外，还在金融体制改革中一展身手，帮助中小企业融资，促进消费信贷和农村信贷，督促建立信用征集体系。除了大的作用，在细处人的担保也有文章可作，例如在授予法人信用后，要求股东或高级经理提供连带保证，可规范股东及高管的行为，防止权利滥用而对债权人造成损害。 第二章是以不同的方法论对保证制度进行研究的。历史和比较的研究方法是法学研究中常用的方法，也是非常实用的方法。笔者对罗马法、日耳曼法法以及我国古代的保证制度进行考察，发现在很早以前人们就对保证制度进行了广泛的应用，若干的法律和裁判还形成了现代一直沿用的有关保证的基本原则，并且对保证制度的优缺点也早有认识，在适用时也注意了在不同的场合扬长避短地应用。例如在北宋时期，对保人的要求是必须有“家活物力”或“家产”，即可以变卖的产业;没有财力而假称有即“虚作财力担保”是犯罪行为，将“严行决配”。再有，官府对金融行业的商业信用比较信赖，很注意对金融行业担保的利用。宋代有金银交引铺，从事金银买卖，兑换货币盗卖交引纸币，资产相当雄厚，而官府就利用交引铺为商人进行算清担保和纳税担保。比较的研究方法不仅仅是简单的对照，自有一套比较的规则，笔者首先对规则作出说明，认为“真正的比较研究需要从功能的角度出发”。功能性原则认为，单个条文和规则的比较是有害的，只有具有相同功能的事物才有比较的可能。例如我国《担保法》有关于“人的担保与物的担保同时存在”时保证人的责任如何承担的问题，那么在别的国家是怎么规定的呢?简单的条文搜索会得出结论，外国法中对此问题没有规定。可是实际的情况是，大部分国家通过保证人的代位权解决了我国人的担保与物的担保并存时保证人责任的问题。因此笔者没有进行各个规则逐一比较，而是不惜花费大量时间精力对各国的保证制度进行整体的研究，避免在支离破碎的印更多还原

【Abstract】 According to the different kinds of guarantee provided by guarantor- credit of the guarantor and his general property, or some specified property- the guaranty of obligation can be divided into two categories - persona guaranty and res guaranty. Persona guaranty refers to guarantee the obligation by the credit and general property of a third party, while res guaranty relies on the priority of having the creditor’s claim satisfied by the specified property provided by the debtor or a third party.Res guaranty, on merits of the property right, such as predominance, priority, recourse and publicity gained from the extensive and consummate register system, enjoys the trust of creditors. Therefore, it is popular in both academic circles and practice. There are already many works on this subject. However, persona guaranty, with the same function and safety as res guaranty, is of much less prevalence in theoretical research and practical work. After a good consideration, the author finally finds two reasons. First, people generally equate persona guaranty with suretyship, and are not familiar with other kinds of persona guaranty, such as specialized agency guaranty, independent guaranty, standby letter of credit, joint obligation, credit guarantee insurance, and etc., let alone make use of them. Second, due to the irregular and disordered market lacking of credit, the creditors tend to accept the tangible properties for guarantee rather than just promises.Actually, persona guaranty is a system with great adaptability, therein the suretyship was considered to be "the bestguaranty" in Ancient Rome. It has irreplaceable superiority over res guaranty in terms of creditor’s right guaranty. Persona guaranty is easy to create, without registration, storage and evaluation, and with convenient executing procedure and of low expenses. The debtor’s bankruptcy has little impact on persona guaranty so that the credit of both debtor and surety can be maintained. The guaranty provided by physical person can be used to transfer obligation risks to the shareholders and senior managerial staff of corporations, and make them behave rationally and duteously. Persona guaranty is commonly used in international trade, and it can also help middle-sized and small enterprises to collect and circulate funds. Credit industry may get extended in consumer market and in countryside through persona guaranty. Furthermore, it contributes a lot to establish a sound social credit system.The reasons mentioned above spur the author to do some research on the basic system of persona guaranty and write a thesis for Doctor’s degree. The author hopes that through the research, persona guaranty can be understood comprehensively by more people, and be adopted more in practice. Meanwhile, some suggestions about current guaranty system in China are put forward to avoid that deficiency in system becoming the choke point of economic development.The thesis is composed of 7 chapters, over 200,000 words. Following Chapter I , which is general introduction, three chapters about suretyship respectively involve historical and comparative study on suretyship, comment on suretyship system in China, and special suretyship. Chapter Vis about independent guaranty. Joint obligation is discussed in Chapter VI and creditguarantee insurance in the last chapter.In Chapter I , General Introduction to Persona Guaranty, the author raises two standards to define persona guaranty. Firstly, seen from exterior relations, persona guaranty creates a creditor’s right. It is a guaranty with the feature of creditor’s right, which distinguish it from res guaranty. Secondly, seen from interior relationship between debtor and guarantor, the latter is not the one who eventually perform the obligation, hence itself differentiates from his own obligation. All that meet these requirements are studied in the thesis, including surety, special surety (personnel surety, aval, credit appointment, and etc.), independent guaranty, joint obligation, credit guarantee insurance, and更多还原