【作者】 李月芬；

【导师】 汤洁；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 环境科学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 草地资源作为一种可再生的自然资源，对发展畜牧业、保持生物多样性、涵养水源和维护生态平衡具有重大的作用和价值，在人类生产和生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。长期以来，人们只看到草原的经济效益，却忽视了草原的生态功能。吉林西部草原在长期的开发利用过程中，由于缺乏完整的开发利用规划和科学的整治措施，盲目开垦使草地资源受到了严重的破坏，导致优良牧草数量减少，植被覆盖度下降，生产力降低，土壤板结，草地生态系统结构改变，草地面积减小，草地沙化、碱化、退化—“三化”现象严重，造成严重的生态失衡，草原生态环境极度恶化。在以往的研究中，主要是以统计学方法来开展草原生态环境方面的研究，并多停留在理论与机制的探讨上，缺乏具体性、时效性与系统性的研究，没有更多地将新技术、新方法应用到研究中去。将数据库、人工智能、管理信息系统、决策支持系统、网络技术以及信息集成技术应用到草地科学研究领域是未来发展的趋势。为了达到应用新技术和新方法研究草原生态环境的目的，本论文结合理论模型和定量、定性研究结果建立了草原生态环境专家系统，给传统的草原生态环境研究注入了新的活力。㈠ 论文主要内容1、阐述了当前我国草原生态环境研究的背景和发展方向。草原生态环境日益恶化的严峻形势要求加强草原生态环境建设，而生态建设速度赶不上退化速度，寻求快速有效的研究方法是当务之急；草地资源研究与遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统等技术的结合，为草地资源信息的获取、使用、维护和管理提供了技术支撑。2、提炼了论文研究的理论基础和技术方法。主要基础理论包括系统论、可持续发展理论、生态学理论、草地生态学理论、生态经济学理论、区域经济学理论、系统工程理论，尤其以系统论作为核心理论。论文的主要研究方法和技术包括定量和定性研究方法、层次分析法、灰色系统理论、主成分分析方法、聚类分析和专家系统等。3、系统地评价了吉林西部草原生态环境质量。将草原生态环境划分为草原土壤质量和草地质量两个子系统，采用灰色关联度法进行系统评价。草原土壤质量的现状评价结果表明，吉林西部草原土壤质量为中等和较差两个等级，与50年前以优等和良好<WP=194>等级为主的情况相比，土壤质量明显下降。草地质量评价结果也表明，吉林西部草地在80年代已经开始退化，其主要原因为人们对草地的生态效益不够重视，只注重经济效益，大量开垦为水田、旱田和林地，使得脆弱的植被层遭到破坏后而大面积盐碱化。4、研制、开发了草原生态环境专家系统。以WINDOWS操作系统为平台，采用C语言和VC++开发软件设计并开发了吉林西部草原生态环境专家系统。该系统运行稳定，功能比较强大，界面美观、操作简单，各个功能模块之间相互独立，具有较强的移植性。 5、该专家系统实现了吉林西部草地信息的智能化管理、信息共享，增加了数据使用频率，能准确可靠地诊断草地现状、评价草地的生产适宜性和草地的退化程度，针对诊断或评价的结果给出相应的改良措施及建议。在应用该系统进行评价的过程中，系统运行稳定，评价结果与实际基本相符，达到了预期的功能及性能指标。草原生态环境专家系统是认识草地资源现状、存在问题的重要方法，它为吉林西部草地资源的合理开发利用提供了科学的理论依据和真实的基础资料，具有深远的应用价值和推广价值，它不仅适合于吉林西部，还可向其它地区推广使用。6、提出了修复草原生态环境的具体措施。针对吉林西部草原退化的不同原因，在加强草原管理的基础上，分别提出了物理的、化学的和生物的治理措施。7、研究了黄花草木樨改良退化草地的效果。种植黄花草木樨是一项十分优良的土壤生物改良技术，它可改善土壤的结构和性状，提高孔隙度，减小容重；增加土壤耕作层有机质的含量及全磷和速效磷的含量；大大提高了全氮和水解性氮的含量，使土壤的肥力显著提高；黄花草木樨可以大幅度降低土壤的pH值、碱化度、总碱度和交换性钠离子，这对降低土壤的毒性，恢复土地生产力，提高土地资源的可利用性具有非常重要的意义。㈡ 论文的创新1、首次采用灰色关联度法分别对吉林西部草原土壤质量和草地质量进行了系统的评价，应用主成分分析法对牧草营养质量进行评价，并根据营养类型的营养比对吉林西部草地进行了分类。2、结合理论模型和定量、定性研究结果，建立了草原生态环境专家系统。作者在攻读博士学位期间，很荣幸地参加了导师主持的多项吉林西部科研课题，其中包括国家自然科学基金项目“吉林西部盐碱土形成发展地球化学机制与荒漠化预警研究”和“生态脆弱带农业生态地质环境信息系统的建立及应用”，吉林省科委重点攻关项目“吉林西部生态环境与综合修复技术研究”和“吉林西部碱化沙化土地利用防治研究”等，为本论文的研究打下了牢固的基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a kind of natural resource that can revive, grassland resource has significant role and value for developing animal husbandry and protecting biological diversity, self-control water resource and maintaining ecological balance, and it plays an important role in human production and life. People saw the economical benefits only and overlooked the ecological function of grassland since long time before. During the long-term exploiting and utilizing grassland resource, Grassland resource has been destroyed seriously by opening up wasteland blindly, such as lacking comprehensive program of exploiting, utilizing and scientific renovating measure. As a result, the quantity of fine herbage dropped; the cover degree of vegetation declined; vegetation productivity has dropped; the soil become hard and impervious; the structure of grassland ecosystem changed; the salinization of soil cause the area of grassland decreasing; the desertification, salinization and degeneration are serious; the ecological system is imbalance seriously, and the ecological environment deteriorate extremely.Grassland ecosystem in former research is the grassland ecological research mainly with statistics as foundation, as well as much in theory and mechanism discussion, lack the specific, timeliness and systematicness research, and do not go into the application of more new technical, new method to research. Database, artificial intelligence, management information system and decision systematic, network technology as well as integrated IT application is the tendency of future development in grassland science field. For the sake of researching the grassland ecological environment with model technology and method, I have established Grassland Environment Expert System (GEES for short), by combining theoretical model and the quantitative and qualitative research result, expert system has offered new vigor to the traditional research of grassland ecological environment.Ⅰ major content of the thesis 1) I have elaborated the research background and the development tendency of grassland ecological environment of our country. The stern situation of deterioration of ecological environment needs reinforce the construction of ecological environment increasingly, and the rate of construction don’t catch up with the rate of degradation, seeking <WP=196>a fast and effective research method is urgent affairs; the study of grassland resource with the technical combinations such as remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning system have offered technology sustain for getting, using, maintaining and managing grassland resource information. Integration of the technology of 3S and expert system is the major direction of grassland field research currently. 2) I have refined the theoretical foundation and techniques of thesis. Major basic theory include the system theory, sustainable development theory, ecology theory, grassland ecology theory, ecological economy theory, regional economy theory, systematic project theory, the system theory, and so on. And the system theory is the key one. The method and technology of thesis, include quantitative and qualitative method, AHP, grey systematic theory, main composition analysis method, clustering and expert system, and so on.3) The quality of grassland ecological environment has been assessed systematically. It is mainly for the two subsystems, namely, soil quality of grassland and grassland quality, the method of assessment is the grey relative analysis method. The assessment result of soil quality shows that there’s no first-class and second-class grassland soil in general, also no 5th class grassland soil, most of the soil are in 3rd class or 4th class. According to the record of historical information, 50 years ago, the soil of this district is mainly first-class and second-class. We can know from grassland quality assessment result that grassland quality has been degraded in 1980s. The major reason of degradation is that people pay much attention to economical benefits only, and pa更多还原