【作者】 程红艳；

【导师】 陆有铨；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 个人自由有两个基本含义：免除他人专断意志的强制和自主的可能性。社会的发展导致个人自由的增加，个人自由同时也促进了社会的发展。 社会发展使个人自由成为必须，而当前学校中却有很多因素阻碍了儿童的自由。这一矛盾是本文探究儿童在学校中自由的直接动因。如果学校教育无法对于社会的深刻变化做出回应，那么它就可能会走向失败的结局。目前，学校教育对儿童自由的阻碍或者忽视，可能是由于目的与手段之间的不协调、权力分配之间的不平衡，也可能是因为对儿童自由的认识尚不清晰。本文试图进一步揭示儿童自由的含义，儿童自由对于学校教育的意义，它在学校中应有的地位以及实现的可能。(本论文中学校如果没有特别界定，主要指中国大陆义务教育阶段的中小学)正文主要探讨了下面几个问题： 其一，儿童的自由是什么? 其二，学校中儿童自由的如何可能? 其三，学校中儿童的自由如何成为现实? 对第一个问题的回答如下：儿童的自由是指儿童不受他人专断意志的强制的状态，是儿童按照自己意愿和计划行事的可能性。儿童自由的三个构成要素是儿童的尊严、权利和选择。儿童的尊严，从其消极的意义来说，即儿童是自成目的的，不应被仅仅看作是工具和手段；从其积极的意义来说，是指儿童在溶入人类文明的过程中，理性和道德的不断进步与提升。儿童的权利，主要指作为一国之公民，儿童所应受到的法律的保护和相应的权益。儿童的选择，是指儿童应更多地为自己的生活承担责任，应有可能选择生活的价值。儿童的尊严、权利和选择相互联系。儿童的自由不是绝对的。儿童的自由和儿童的发展互为目的和手段。学校教育应该尊重儿童的自由。 强调学校教育应尊重儿童的自由，可能会被认为是不切实际的浪漫主义。为此，必须探讨学校中尊重儿童的自由是否可能。对于这个问题，本文试图从两个方面回答：其一，儿童是否可以有自由，他们的身心发展是否足够成熟，是否可以理智地运用自由；其二，学校是否给予儿童足够的空间，可以使他们享有自由，这一因素又和学校教育在社会中所处的地位以及社会发展的趋势直接相关。从儿童心理发展的角度来看，儿童的理性增长、对规则的尊重、承担责任的能力、追求自由的主动意识为儿童获得自由和正确运用自由提供了可能性；从社会发展来看，国家利益、知识和工业模式、文化心理传统和市场经济重塑学校教育，促使学校教育的转型，转型的方向即更为尊重每一个儿童的需要，这使普遍的儿童自由成为可能。 第三个问题无疑是和社会进步和文化生活的改造相联系的，而本文主要是从学校内部来探讨现实的策略，提出的策略有四——以权力的制衡、分散和共享来确保儿童在学校中的自由；对教育手段的合理性进行检查和审视，使教育的手段合理，以此来保证儿童的自由；改革教学方式，通过促进儿童智慧的发展来促进儿童的自由；改革道德教育的内容和形式，以道德的发展来促进儿童的自由。 总之，论文的基本结论是： 儿童的自由有三个构成要素：尊严、权利和选择，儿童的自由与儿童的发展是互为目的和手段的。学校教育应该尊重儿童的自由，这不仅是必须的，而且是可能的。当前学校教育中存在着许多限制儿童自由从而阻碍儿童发展的方面，必须改进学校教育以保证和促进儿童的自由。更多还原

【Abstract】 Individual liberty combines two essential connotations, freedom from other’s arbitrary will and possibility to act according to one’s own will. The preface of the dissertation argues that social development lies on and contributes to individual liberty. Four social factors, knowledge and modernity, national welfare, traditional civilization and market economy, shape the direction of the elementary school, in which children are endowed with more liberty. Children’s liberty is affected by both social development and the development of children. Children’s liberty and development are ends and means each other. At one hand, children’s liberty are essential condition of development, the other hand the ends of the children’s development is liberty.Social development interact with transformation of elementary schools, and children’s liberty related to children’s development, which forms the background knowledge to comprehend the children’s liberty in elementary schools. Due to this viewpoint, this dissertation mainly inquires three questions as following:Firstly, what is children’ s liberty? The first part of this dissertation probes into this problem and concludes that children’s liberty holds same connotations of individual liberty. The implication of children’s liberty is composed of three related inscapes, which are dignity, rights and choice. Children’s dignity has two aspects, the negative one and active one. Ihe former is that children should not be treated as means and instruments, the latter is that children should acquire rationality and morality through involved in certain civilization. Children’s rights refer to the citizen’s rights endowed by laws. Children’s choice is the possibility to choose the value of their lives for their own sake and more responsibility for their lives. The liberty of children is not absolute but relative, and lies upon children’s sense, obedience to rules and ability to responsible for their action.Secondly, what is the status quo of children’s liberty in elementary schools? Schools can contribute to children’ s liberty without doubt. However, many factors ignore and trespass on the liberty of children nowadays. The second part of the dissertation indicates that factors from three aspects, obstacles to children’s dignity, rights and choice.Thirdly, how can the elementary schools ensure and facilitate the liberty of children? The third part of the dissertation focus on the feasible strategies within the schools, that is to ensure the liberty of children by balancing and sharing the power in schools and checking the educational methods, and facilitate the liberty of children by reforming the methods of intellectual education and moral education.In short, the dissertation can be mainly concluded as following: Children’s liberty and development are reciprocal. The liberty of children composed of three factors, dignity, rights and choice. Nowadays, children’s liberty is restricted and impeded by many factors in the elementary schools, therefore we should reform the education to ensure and facilitate the liberty of children.更多还原