早期买地券、镇墓文整理与研究

【作者】 黄景春；

【导师】 詹鄞鑫；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 買地券、鎮墓文是東漢中期首先在洛陽、長安地區墓葬中出現的鎮墓文字材料，是早期道教進行驅鬼解謫、符咒治病活動時的遗物，淵源久遠，傳播廣泛。東漢末年“初平之亂”後，買地券、鎮墓文在其發源地消失了，然而卻在南方的吳國、西北的河西走廊地區延傳不息。經過三國、兩晉、南北朝的傳承，後世歷代不絕，直到今天在民間仍有使用。 本文探討了買地券、鎮墓文的性質、起源、發展和現狀，分別對所搜集東漢、三國、西晉、東晉十六國、南北朝時期的買地券、鎮墓文進行釋字、標點、注釋、說明，並對一些疑難問題做了深入考證。全文分為四個部分： 第一部分，前言。介紹本篇論文的研究物件、研究目的、研究方法，並對本文的體例作簡要介紹。 第二部分，綜論。是本篇論文的理論部分，分為四個方面展開論述。首先在“相關概念”一節，對人類鎮墓行為作了一些探討，人們的鎮墓方式經歷了實物到符號、語言到文字的發展過程。就文字鎮墓而言，戰國時期就出現物疏，秦漢出現告地書，東漢中期買地券、鎮墓文出現。買地券是一種特殊格式的鎮墓文。使用鎮墓文的主要目的有兩個：分別死生、厭鎮鬼神。東漢以後的物疏往往含有厭鎮鬼神的文字，也是一種特殊格式的鎮墓文。針對考古實踐中有人把買地券與墓誌銘混淆的情況，這裹還特意對二者進行比較區分。第二節“買地券、鎮墓文的產生和發展”，探討了買地券、鎮墓文的文化淵源在於人們對死人的恐懼，對鬼神作祟帶來各種災難的擔憂，從石器時代開始，人們就利用各種喪葬方式來阻止鬼魂返回故居作祟。這種對鬼魂的恐懼到殷商、西周、春秋、戰國、秦漢不僅沒有減少，反而在不斷增強。在東漢特定的歷史背景下，自號“天帝神師”的新興道教的傳道者採用朱砂書寫驅鬼咒語隨葬在墳墓中，於是鎮墓文產生了。為死者買地的行為也發生在這個時期，買地的目的不是在陰間耕種，而是用於造作陰間宅舍，安死護生。第三，主要論述了研究買地券、鎮墓文的語言學意義——保留了各個歷史時期民間口語的原生形態；文字學意義——新字體都始於民間，民間書寫活動是書體、書法發展演變的根本動力所在。第四，介紹了歷代對買地券、鎮墓文的記載和著錄情況，對買地券、鎮墓文贗品的鑒別方法，當代以來對買地券、鎮墓文的著錄和研究。 第三部分，買地券，鎮墓文的釋文與解讀。是本篇論文的资料部分，也是主體部分。分別對搜集到的東漢買地券、鎮墓文，三國吳地買地券，西晉南方買地券、西北地區鎮墓文，東晉十六國南方買地券和物疏、西北鎮墓文，南北朝南方買地券、北方地區買地券和鎮墓文、高昌地區衣物疏，進行基本情況介紹，圖片、拓本、摹本展示，资料來源說明，釋文，注釋，對券文有關問題說明。對券文涉及到的一些周题作了筒要阐述。 第四部分，考橙。封木篇输文资料部分涉及到的带有共同性周题作比帷全而、深入的考橙。 谕文注重资料鞍掘，力孚估有研究域限内的全部券文，然梭展阴周题的衬谕。注重尚题探封，力求用明快的藉言、崖密的邂辑、筒镖的谕瀚l$J明尚题。木文逃取的视野l#J圈，把置地券、镇墓文放在人频文化现象中加以考察，放在特定的潦史耀境中加以封谕，有助龄弄清圈题的木鬓和特微。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Ground Certificate and the Zhenmuwen appeared among the graves that belong to middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty of Luoyang and Chang An at first. They were written material that could make the grave stable. They were relics early Taoism left during the activities of driving the spirit to remove charges and punishment and charming to cure the diseases. They were very old and spread extensively. After "the Calamity in Chuping Period in the Han Dynasty" in last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they disappeared in their birthplace. However, they continued to spread in Wu Guo in the South and the area of the Hexi Corridor of the Northwest. They were inherited and developed through successive dynasties continuously. They are still used today by some people.This dissertation discusses the nature, the origin, the phylogeny and the current situation of The Ground Certificate and the Zhenmuwen, differentiates and studies the collected written material in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, the western Jin Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty 16 country and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The study includes translating the words, adding the punctuation, the explanatory notes and explanations, etc. Moreover, to some knotty problems, this dissertation did some deep textual criticism. This dissertation divides into four parts:The first part: The preface. The research object, research purpose, research approach and the style of this thesis are introduced here.The second part: Comprehensive theory. This is a theory part of the thesis and can be divided into four sections.Section one: It introduces" relevant concepts" at first and discusses the behavior of making the grave stable. This kind of behavior had developed from the material objects to the symbols and from spoken language to the written characters. For the wriiten characters, Wushu appeared in the Warring States Period, Gaodishu appeared in the Qin and Han Dynasty. By middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, The Ground Certificate and the Zhenmuwen appeared. The Ground Certificate was a special kind of the Zhenmuwen. There are two main purposes to use the Zhenmuwen: one is to separate the living from the dead and another one is to suppress the ghosts. Wushu after the Eastern Han Dynasty often contained the characters suppressing ghosts and it was also a special kind of the Zhenmuwen. Since someone obscures The Ground Certificate and the epitaph in the archaeological practice, this thesis has discussed the difference between them in details. Section two: "the productions and the developments of The Ground Certificate and the Zhenmuwen". The thesis probes into that they came from people’s fear of the dead and worries of different disasters brought by the ghosts. Since the Stone Age, people have used various kinds of funeral ways to prevent the ghosts from returning to the former residence to haunt. ThroughShang Dynasty, the West Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn, the Warring states, until Qin and Han Dynasty, this kind of fear to the ghosts was not reduced and it became stronger constantly instead. Under the specific historical backgrounds of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the person who preached himself as a new developed Taoism wrote the incantation with the cinnabar for driving the ghosts. Then Zhenmuwen was produced. The behavior of buying ground for the dead took place in the same period. The purpose of this behavior is not to cultivate in the nether world, but to build house in the nether world, thus to pacify the dead and protect the living people. Section three: The linguistics and philology meaning of the study on The Ground Certificate and the Zhenmuwen. On one hand, they have kept the original form of folk spoken language for each historical periods; On the other hand, they were the basic motive force of the development of book body and calligraphy, too. The fourth: the relevant record situations in successive dynasties, the method of distinguishing the forgery and especially the contemporary situation of recording and study of them.Th更多还原