【作者】 吕建华；

【导师】 刘树生；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本文以欧洲山芥Barbarea vulgaris G型、甘蓝、白菜—小菜蛾Plutella xylostella中国杭州种群为研究对象，定量测定了欧洲山芥在实验条件下对小菜蛾的诱杀效应，并探讨了其对小菜蛾的引诱机制。结果如下： (1)欧洲山芥对小菜蛾雌成虫产卵具有很强的引诱作用，而对幼虫具有极强的致死效应。当把欧洲山芥和白菜同时供选择产卵时，雌蛾在欧洲山芥上的着卵量占72％以上；当把欧洲山芥和甘蓝同时供选择产卵时，雌蛾几乎只在欧洲山芥上产卵。欧洲山芥莲座期、开花结籽期的植株对小菜蛾的引诱力相似。当仅提供一种寄主植物时，与甘蓝相比，欧洲山芥能够刺激雌成虫产下更多的卵。小菜蛾产在欧洲山芥、白菜、甘蓝植株上的卵都能正常孵化，无显著差异，但孵化后的幼虫在三种植株上的存活率差异极显著。欧洲山芥莲座期植株能把99.4％以上的幼虫致死在孵化初期或低龄期；开花结籽期植株也能把90％以上的幼虫致死在孵化初期或低龄期，只有不到10％的幼虫可发育到化蛹；而在白菜和甘蓝植株上孵化的幼虫87～100％均可正常发育到化蛹。开花结籽期植株上少量能够化蛹的幼虫的发育历期比在白菜植株上的约长一天，所化蛹的蛹重较轻、羽化后雌成虫个体较小、繁殖力较低。 (2)小菜蛾的学习行为对欧洲山芥的引诱作用影响较小。当将小菜蛾饲养在白菜和甘蓝上、或让其在成虫期经历白菜和甘蓝叶片气味，仅能略微提高其在所经历寄主植物上的产卵偏好性，雌蛾在选择条件下仍将绝大部分或几乎所有的卵产在欧洲山芥上，表明由经历所提高的产卵偏好性对欧洲山芥引诱作用无明显影响。 (3)欧洲山芥在与甘蓝的不同种植布局中均表现出对小菜蛾极强的产卵引诱力，喷施产卵驱避剂对小菜蛾有显著的产卵忌避作用。在温室条件下，当将欧洲山芥与甘蓝植株间种、或将欧洲山芥围种在甘蓝植株的四周，小菜蛾在欧洲山芥上的单株产卵量均显著高于在甘蓝上的单株产卵量。在甘蓝植株上喷施产卵驱避剂能有效地驱避小菜蛾在甘蓝上产卵，但未能表现出对欧洲山芥引诱力的增效作用。 (4)欧洲山芥植株的颜色和形状不是其引诱小菜蛾的重要因子。运用植物模型测试结果表明，欧洲山芥植株的形状较甘蓝植株的形状对小菜蛾成虫产卵具有较大的引诱力；但是，当把欧洲山芥、甘蓝植株分别用透明聚乙烯薄膜密封，然后供小菜蛾选择产卵时，产在前者薄膜上的卵较后者的显著要低，表明欧洲山芥植株包括颜色、形状在内的整体物理性状与甘蓝的相比，并未对小菜蛾成虫产卵具有更大的引诱力。 (5)欧洲山芥植株挥发物是其引诱小菜蛾成虫的主要囚子。利用Y型嗅觉仪比较测试欧洲山芥和甘蓝挥发物对小菜蛾的引诱力，结果表明，小菜蛾首先选择欧洲山芥植株气味源的虫数显著多于首先选择甘蓝植株气味源的虫数;小菜蛾在欧洲山芥植株气味源持续活动的总时间也显著长于在甘蓝植株气味源持续活动的总时间。而且，欧洲山芥不同生长期植株的挥发物对小菜蛾成虫均具有极强的引诱作用。 (6)利用固相微萃取法(SPM[E)、动态抽气吸附法捕集欧洲山芥植株、白菜植株和甘蓝植株的挥发物，并通过GC一MS进行了鉴定。结果表明，三种植物挥发物主要为烷烃类、菇烯类、醋类、芳香烃、含硫化合物、醛类等，欧洲山芥植株挥发物的主要成分和特有成分，与甘蓝、白菜明显不同。初步推测，两种提取方法捕集到的欧洲山芥植株挥发物的主要成分中的Aeatie acid，2·ethylhe材1 ester、Benzoie acid，butyl ester、Butslnoie acid，2.ethylhe粉1 ester，次要成分中的H~al，2一ethyl一、Isooctyl mercaPtoace七蛇el，4.Methanoazulene，deeahydro.4，8，8一methyl一9一methylene，[15一(1 .aiPha.一3a.beta.，4.aiPha.，sa.beta.)]一、l，3一cyelopen切Ldiene，l，2，3，4.tetrajrnethyl一5一methylene一，和其特有成分prOPanoieacid.2一ethyl一，l一[l，l一dimethylethyl}一2一methyl一1，3.ProPanediyl ester、Mo甲holine，4一oetadeeyl一、Hexadecane，2，6，10，14一tetrajmethyl一可能是其活性成分，它们与其他成分组成特定的化学指纹图谱，对小菜蛾产生较强的引诱作用。 本文主要创新点及其意义:通过大量的行为学、生物学观察证实了欧洲山芥G型对小菜蛾具有引诱和致死双重作用，明确了其植株挥发物是起引诱作用的主要因子，并初步证明欧洲山芥作为诱杀植物具有可行性;首次用固相微萃取法(SP州旧)和动态抽气吸附法两种方法对欧洲山芥植株在自然状态下的挥发物进行提取，通过GC一MS进行鉴定，并与甘蓝、白菜挥发物相互比较，初步明确了其对小菜蛾的引诱机制。这些研究结果为在小菜蛾综合治理中开发利用欧洲山芥这一生物资源、发展小菜蛾栖境调控的新方法提供了基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 (1) The term "dead-end trap cropping" has been proposed to identify a plant that is highly attractive for oviposition by an insect pest but on which offspring of the pest cannot survive. In laboratory and greenhouse experiments, we evaluated the potential of a wild crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris G-type, to allure and serve as a dead-end trap crop for the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella. We also investigated the behavioural and chemical mechanisms responsible for the attractiveness of the plant to DBM.(2) Barbarea vulgaris plants showed very strong attractiveness to ovipositing females of DBM and allowed little or no survival of their offspring. When DBM adults were provided with a dual-choice of plants of B. vulgaris and Chinese cabbage in one arena, the moths laid over 72% of their eggs on B. vulgaris plants; when DBM adults were provided with a dual-choice of plants of B vulgaris and common cabbage in one arena, the moths laid virtually all their eggs on B. vulgaris plants. The rosette plants and flowering plants of B. vulgaris showed similar attractiveness to DBM moths. In a comparative experiment in which DBM females were provided with either B. vulgaris plants or common cabbage plants throughout their adult life, the females laid significantly more eggs on B. vulgaris than on common cabbage, indicating that B. vulgaris had a stimulating effect on the egg production of DBM. Nearly all DBM eggs laid on each of the three species of plants hatched successfully, but the survival of DBM larvae differed dramatically between the three plants. Nearly all larvae on rosette plants of B. vulgaris died as neonates or early instar larvae, over 90% of the larvae on flowering plants of 5. vulgaris died as neonates or early instar larvae, and less than 10% of the larvae survived to successfully pupate, while 87-100% of the larvae on Chinese cabbage and common cabbage plants survived to pupation. The few survivors on flowering plants of B. vulgaris were approximately 1 day slower to reach pupation compared to those feeding on Chinese cabbage, and their pupal weight was lighter, their adult body size was smaller and the fecundity of the ensuing adults was lower.(3) Experiences by DBM had little or limited effect on the attractiveness of B. vulgaris to this insect. When DBM moths were reared from Chinese cabbage or common cabbage plants, or exposed to an experience of the leaf odor of Chinese cabbage or common cabbage, their preference for oviposition on the experienced host plant was slightly increased. However, DBM females still laid most or nearly all of their eggs on B. vulgaris plants when provided with a dual choice, indicating that the increased oviposition preference through various experiences had no marked effect on the attractiveness of B. vulgaris plants.(4) In various plant arrangements with both B. vulgaris and common cabbage, B. vulgaris always showed much stronger attractiveness to ovipositing DBM females, meanwhile application of an repellent exhibited significant effects of repellency to this insect. When the two species ofplants were intercropped with each other, or B. vulgaris were planted around edges of common cabbage plants in greenhouses, the number of eggs deposited by DBM moths B. vulgaris plants was always significantly higher than that on common cabbage. Repellent applied on the common cabbage plants could effectively deter the female moths from laying eggs on them, but did not significantly enhance the attractiveness of B. vulgaris plants to DBM moths.(5) The color and shape of B. vulgaris plants were unimportant factors for its attractiveness to DBM. Behavioural tests with plant models showed that shape of B. vulgaris was slightly more attractive to DBM than that of common cabbage. However, when the female moths were provided with B. vulgaris and common cabbage plants wrapped in transparent polyethylene film respectively, they laid slightly less eggs on the former than on the latter, indicating that the entire physical features of B. vulgaris, includ更多还原