【作者】 邓曙东；

【导师】 张青文；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本论文以植物自身防御体系为出发点，在室内生测的基础上，结合田间观察，从忌避性和抗生性两个方面系统地研究了新型油料作物亚麻荠对小菜蛾和甘蓝蚜的抗性及其机制，为我国大面积引种这种优良的油料作物提供一定的害虫防治基础资料及理论依据。 1．亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫取食和成虫行为反应的影响 用室内生测和Y臂嗅觉仪研究了亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫取食和成虫行为反应的影响。以甘蓝作对照，用亚麻荠叶片喂养的小菜蛾初孵幼虫3天后校正死亡率为79.2％，显示了较强的致死作用；喂养小菜蛾3龄幼虫至化蛹，其存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及成虫寿命都显著降低，表明亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育有不利影响。在幼虫的取食选择试验中，有甘蓝叶存在时，小菜蛾幼虫不取食亚麻荠；在无可选择的情况下，小菜蛾幼虫也取食亚麻荠叶片，但取食量很小，与取食甘蓝叶的量相比，差异极显著。行为反应测试表明，小菜蛾成虫对甘蓝和亚麻荠植株的挥发物都有明显的趋性反应，与对照(净化空气)相比，差异极显著，而在甘蓝和亚麻荠之间无选择性。说明小菜蛾成虫对亚麻荠植株的挥发物具有较强的定向反应。 2．亚麻荠对甘蓝蚜取食的影响 用室内生测和刺探电位仪(EPG)研究了亚麻荠对蚜虫取食的影响。在取食选择实验中，在有选择的情况下，甘蓝蚜更趋向于在甘蓝上栖息和取食；在没有选择的情况，接虫的第1天(24h)，栖息在甘蓝叶片上的甘蓝蚜数量要高于亚麻荠，两者相比差异显著；接虫后48h和72h，虽然甘蓝叶片上的蚜虫数量要稍高于亚麻荠叶片上的，但栖息在两种叶片上的蚜虫数量差异已不显著，表明甘蓝蚜也能适应在亚麻荠上栖息和取食。EPG记录表明，甘蓝蚜在两种植物上不刺探的时间没有显著差异，在甘蓝上甘蓝蚜用于口针刺探的时间与频次都要极显著地高于在亚麻荠上，但在韧皮部吸食的时间则是显著地少于在亚麻荠上。甘蓝蚜出现第一次口针刺探和第一次到达韧皮部所需的时间在甘蓝上都要稍早于亚麻荠，不过出现第一次韧皮部吸食(E1＞8min)则晚于亚麻荠。表明甘蓝蚜口针一旦刺入亚麻荠筛管中，则可较为顺利地吸食，亚麻荠的表面形态对蚜虫的口针刺探可能有一定的不利影响，但不会最终影响甘蓝蚜在亚麻荠植株上的栖息或取食。 3．亚麻荠的物理性状对小菜蛾幼虫及甘蓝蚜取食行为的影响 用室内生测、细胞结构显微观察研究了亚麻荠的物理性状对小菜蛾幼虫及甘蓝蚜的形态抗虫性。电镜观察表明，亚麻荠叶片表面长有尖锐的刚毛，且叶正面的密度远大于叶背面。相对于正常的亚麻荠叶片，小菜蛾幼虫和甘蓝蚜更倾向于取食表面毛状物被去掉的亚麻荠叶片。和甘蓝相比，亚麻荠叶片表面绉褶较多，结构更为粗糙，表皮细胞层较厚，有明显的角质层，组织内纤维素更高，具有形态上的抗虫特征。 4．亚麻荠的粗提物对小菜蛾和甘蓝蚜的生物活性 用系列浓度的亚麻荠粗提物在室内处理小菜蛾及甘蓝蚜，结果表明亚麻荠的粗提物对小菜蛾初孵、3龄幼虫及甘蓝蚜均具有良好的杀虫活性或拒食作用，同时对小菜蛾成虫的产卵表现了明显的趋避作用.取食经亚麻养粗提物处理过的甘蓝叶片后，小菜蛾幼虫死亡率处理时间的延长和处理浓度的增大而增大;初孵幼虫的发育历期也随处理浓度的增大而延长;化蛹后蛹重减轻，但各个处理浓度之间差异不显著;对羽化率则没有明显的影响;经处理的初孵幼虫，与对照相比，其成虫寿命缩短，但各个处理浓度之间差异不显著，对3龄幼虫的成虫寿命则没有显著影响。 5.亚麻荞与甘蓝主要营养物质含量的比较 亚麻荞和甘蓝组织中主要营养物质的含量存在着较大的差异。亚麻荞组织中总氮、可溶性糖及水分的含量都低于甘蓝，两者相比差异都达到极显著水平;蛋白质的含量则是亚麻荞高于甘蓝，差异也达极显著;在全部18种氨基酸中，亚麻荞的含量高于甘蓝的仅有天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和脯氨酸3种。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this thesis, resistance and its mechanism of false flax, camelina sativa L., to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassiae, L. were studied. Results are showed as follow:1. Effect of false flax on feeding of larvae and behavior response of adults of diamondback moth were examined with bioassay and Y-olfactometer in laboratory. Compared to cabbage, the 1 st instar larvae, fed on leaves of false flax, got a corrected death rate of 79.2% after 3 days, which indicated that false flax had an obvious antibiosis effect on 1st instar larvae. The 3rd instar larvae, fed on false flax, showed significant lower survival rate, percentage pupation, pupa weight and shorter adult longevity in compared with that fed on cabbage. Diamondback moth larvae preferred leaves of cabbage to false flax in feeding choice test. In no-choice test, the leaves of false flax consumed by diamondback moth larvae were significant fewer than that of cabbage. Otherwise, the test of behavior showed that adults of diamondback moth had a same orientation response to false flax and cabbage. Compared to clean air, adults of diamondback moth preferred to odors coming from the plants of false flax or cabbage, which indicated that the diamondback moth adults had an obvious orientation response to the volatiles of false flax.2. Effect of false flax on feeding of cabbage aphid was studied with bioassay and electrical penetration graph technique (EPG) in laboratory. Cabbage aphids prefer resting and feeding on leaves of cabbage to false flax in feeding choice test. In no-choice test, the number of cabbage aphids resting on cabbage leaves was significant higher than that resting on false flax leaves after 24 hours. During 48 hours to 72 hours, the number of cabbage aphids resting on cabbage leaves was still higher than that resting on false flax, but the difference is not significant, which indicated that cabbage aphids may adapt to the life that rest on false flax. Extended sieve element salivation (El waveform in the electrical graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistance plants. Our record of EPG showed that the times of no-probe of cabbage aphids were not significant different on this two kinds of plants, the duration and frequency of probe of aphids on cabbage were more significant high than those on false flax, but the duration of ingestion in phloem of aphids on cabbage was less than that on false flax. Less time to first probe and to first El and more time to first ingestion in phloem (El>8min) were spent by aphids on cabbage, which indicated that cabbage aphids may adapt to ingest on false flax, though external structure of leaves of false flax maybe hinder the stylet penetration of aphids.3. Studies on morphological resistance to diamondback moth and cabbage aphid of false flax were carried out with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and photomicrography and bioassay in laboratory. On the surface of leaf of false flax, many acute nonglandular trichomes were observed with SEM, and the density of those on adaxial surface was significant higher than that on abaxial surface. The larvae of diamondback moth and cabbage aphids preferred the hairs removed leaves to normal leaves. Compared to leaf of cabbage, the leaf of false flax had a rougher surface with many pleats, a thicker epidermis, and a higher concentration of cellulose. Cuticle was thick on cells of leaf of false flax, but it was not observed on leaf of cabbage. The results showed that false flax maybe has morphological resistance to diamondback moth and cabbage aphid.4. Effects of extract of false flax on diamondback moth and cabbage aphid were treated with serial concentration in laboratory. The extract showed disinfesting and anti-feeding activity to the 1st, 3rd-instar larvae of diamondback moth and cabbage aphids, and had an antixenosis resistance to adults of diamondback moth for oviposition. Fed on cabbage leaves treated by the extract with seria更多还原