合作的演化机制研究

【作者】 王雷；

【导师】 项??；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 企业管理， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 随着社会的发展进步，分工的深入细化，企业已不太可能具备所有的优势资源，能够在各个领域都居于领先地位，单打独斗的模式已经越来越难以适应现代竞争的需要。越来越多的企业认识到，与经济活动中的其他个体进行合作，已成为企业竞争优势的重要来源。然而在现实的经济活动中，个体间的合作却面临困境，能够建立长期稳定合作关系的比率并不高。本论文将主要研究在由追求自身收益最大化的个体组成的经济社会中，合作行为的生成与演化机制。 本论文包括七章内容。 第一章在对以往学者关于竞争优势的研究进行总结的基础上，提出本文的研究目标和研究框架。到目前为止，在众多的战略管理文献中，对企业竞争优势的分析有两大主流学派，即强调竞争优势来源于外部产业定位的竞争战略理论，和强调竞争优势来源于企业内部的资源理论和能力理论。但它们都把对竞争优势的思考建立在企业间彼此对抗竞争的基础上。而事实上，获取和保持竞争优势的关键在于企业在持续的价值创造与价值分配过程中能否保持价值流的顺畅通达。这就要求企业必须改变纯粹对抗竞争的思维模式，辩证地处理竞争与合作的关系。但目前企业间合作仍没有获得与竞争同等的关注和研究，对合作的解释和描述显得相对不足。所以本文以企业间的合作为切入点，着重研究个体间合作关系的形成与演化机制。 第二章对供应链合作、企业战略联盟、企业集群网络这三种重要的企业合作形式的国内外相关研究做了总结。分析了这些合作形式对企业竞争优势的影响，以及它们内在的行为机理，并讨论了以往研究中存在的一些不足之处。这为本论文随后进行的合作演化机制的研究提供了基础。 第三章主要对本论文的研究方法做了说明。本论文在研究时，设定研究对象是“经济人”，即个体行为的目标是追求自身效用最大化。本论文的研究内容主要围绕合作行为的产生、发展和消亡的演化过程而进行，分析合作行为背后的内在的演化机制。本论文的研究实证建立在模拟实验的基础上，在26个群体中，采用顺序决策的合作困境博弈模型，对合作行为的产生及演化情况进行了测试，获得了第一手的数据，这是随后进行的研究的基础。 第四章讨论了二人博弈中的合作形成机制。从“经济人”假设看，因为互惠结果可以带来合作双方彼此收益的增加，所以必然应该可以产生合作，所以第一部分着重讨论了互惠与合作的关系。因为合作行为均潜在地具有或内嵌“囚徒困境”博弈的逻辑结构，所以第二部分以“合作困境”模型为例，讨论了多种情况下合作的产生可能性，并利用实验数据加以证明。要破解合作的困境，需要博弈双方对彼此行为有可信的预期，这就涉及研究信任和合作的关联问题。浙江大学博士学位论文最后，本章讨论了影响个体间信任程度的几个关键因素及其作用机理。 、第五章研究了群体合作的形成条件。首先在利用实验数据对二人合作演进机制进行研究的基础上，对群体合作行为产生的内在逻辑进行了分析。其次从集体行动视角，对群体合作的特点进行了研究，总结出群体合作关系形成所面临的几大关键难题。最后针对群体合作困境的特点，辅以相关案例，提出促成群体合作的具体解决办法。 第六章从系统演化视角，对合作的消存机制进行了分析研究。首先提出在现实世界中，“一报还一报”策略的进化稳定性是有疑问的，并用实验数据加以说明。同时采用复杂系统理论的相关知识，对系统演化图景进行了分析。然后根据外部环境的不同情况，分析研究了不同条件下合作行为的演化机制。最后在总结竞争与合作行为的各自运行特点的基础上，强调合作和竞争是企业竞争优势研究中不可偏废的两个方面，并提出竞合互动网络对企业竞争优势获取的重要性。 第七章对全文进行了总结，指出存在的不足之处，得出主要研究结论，并提出未来可深入研究的一些方向和领域。更多还原

【Abstract】 As development of the society, deepening of division of labor, a single enterprise is very difficult to have advantages in all kinds of resources, and plays a leading role in every field. The fighting-alone mold is getting harder in meeting the needs of today’s competition. More and more enterprises realize that the cooperation with others in economical activities provides great resources for an enterprise to win competitive advantage. However, in practical economic activities, the cooperation among the individuals is in straits. The ratio of establishing a long and steady cooperative relationship is not high. This dissertation mainly researches the engender and the evolutionary mechanism of cooperation behavior in an economic society made up of the individuals in pursuit of their maximized profits.The dissertation has 7 chapters.Chapter 1 introduces the research purpose and frame of the dissertation, based on the summary of the previous study about competitive advantage.Up till now, there are mainly two schools of thoughts, they are different in where the competitive advantage comes from, external or internal of enterprises? Both of them put the thought of competitive advantage on the basis of antagonistic competition among enterprises. In fact, the acquisition and maintenance of competitive advantage is based on enterprises’ continuous property production, and whether the value-stream could keep affluent in the value distributing process. It requires enterprises to transform their thinking mold of pure antagonist and an overall analysis is needed in dealing with the balance of cooperation and competition. However at present cooperation has not got as much interest and study as competition has got, the exposition and description are comparatively inadequate. This leads to the research of the evolution mechanism of cooperation, with the perspective of the cooperation among enterprises.Chapter 2 mainly analyses and summarizes the results of both domestic and overseas research on supplier chain management, strategic alliance and strategic Cluster. It analyses the cooperation mechanism and the encouragement of competitive advantage comes from cooperative behavior. Also, it analyses the inadequacy exists in previous research. Therefore provides a base for further research on cooperation evolution mechanism which will be discussed below.Chapter 3 is the exposition of premise assumption, main contents and the concrete evidence employed of the cooperation evolution mechanism research of this dissertation. The dissertation adopts the economics conception of ’economic man’ which assumes that an individual is made to pursue its maximized utility. The research is mainly around the emergence, development and withering away of the cooperation among enterprises. It analyses the mechanism of cooperation evolutionby the studying the profit-gaining possibility among the cooperative individuals.The research is based on simulated experiments, with 2 rounds, 26 groups of competition game experiment, obtains the first-handed data material, expounds the mechanism by the analysis of the experiment results, with the help of system theory and biology evolution theory.Chapter 4 discusses the mechanism of the forming of cooperation in ’two men’s game’, analyses ’prisoner’s dilemma game’, raises that there exists logical contradictions in traditional acknowledge that reciprocity leads to the cooperation between two individuals. So the first part is mainly discusses the relationship of cooperation and reciprocity. For cooperative behaviors always have the ’ prisoner’s dilemma game’ logic structure, so the second part takes the ’cooperation dilemma ’game model as example, discusses the possibility of establishing the cooperative relationship in many kinds of situations, and uses the experimental data to identify it. In order to resolve the ’prisoner’s dilemma’ problem, the trusty expectation from each other is very much needed, and that concerns the problem of the study about trust and cooperation. At last, this chapter更多还原