【作者】 冷英；

【导师】 莫雷；

【作者基本信息】 华南师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 目前关于文本阅读信息加工过程最有影响的理论有建构主义和记忆基础文本加工两大理论。建构主义理论认为，阅读是一个积极的、策略的信息加工过程，记忆基础文本加工理论认为阅读是一个消极的、非策略的信息加工过程。近年来文本阅读研究非常重视目标信息的整合研究，两派理论之间对此有不同的看法，在建构主义理论内部也存在分歧。 两派别之间的分歧主要表现在目标信息的激活和目标信息的整合两个方面。建构主义理论认为读者积极地、策略地激活长时记忆中的目标信息，将它与当前信息进行即时整合。记忆基础理论不特别注重目标信息，它只强调当前阅读的信息与背景信息的非策略的、消极共振激活，背景信息与当前目标信息是否即时进行整合取决于前后信息是否协调。 建构主义理论内部关于目标信息整合的看法主要是围绕哪种性质的目标信息更容易激活展开的，对此有三种不同看法：第一，尚未实现的目标信息更容易激活与整合；第二，已经实现的目标信息更容易激活与整合；第三，当前注意焦点里的目标信息比长时记忆中的其它目标信息更容易激活。 本研究认为两派别之间的分歧主要是由于两派支持者在各自研究中使用了不同的实验材料范式造成的。建构主义理论支持者使用的是有明确因果关系或者目标关系的记叙文，而记忆基础理论支持者使用的是描述一般事件的记叙文。建构主义理论内部的分歧可能有两个原因：一是由于对目标信息本身缺乏系统分析造成的。本研究从各目标之间的关系的角度把文本中的目标结构分为包含结构和平行结构，在不同结构下的目标信息的激活与整合可能不同。二是由于对目标信息被激活时在记忆中的定位不明确造成的。本研究从目标信息被加工时在记忆中所处的位置把目标信息的加工分为长时记忆中的加工与工作记忆中的加工，文本阅读中，进入长时记忆的目标信息的加工和处于工作记忆的目标信息的加工可能是不同的。 本研究的目的是在全面分析和总结国内外关于文本阅读过程中目标信息整合的实验研究及有关理论的基础上，根据莫雷提出的文本阅读双加工理论，提出关于文本阅读中目标信息加工方式的基本设想，并通过一系列的实验验证这个设想。 整个研究包括5个大实验，17个小实验，探讨三个方面的问题：第一方面探讨长时记忆中目标信息的激活与整合，第二方面探讨目标焦点对阅读预期的影响，第三方面探讨工作记忆中目标焦点监控下目标信息的追随性的建构整合。以摘要上三个方面分为5个实验: 实验1:长时记忆中目标信息的恢复整合研究 探讨在目标包含结构的文本阅读中长时记忆目标信息恢复整合的条件，包括3个分实验，分别探讨在目标包含结构中长时一记忆中文本信息是否会被激活进行目标整合以及发生这种整合的条件。 实验2:长时记忆中目标信息的易化整合研究 探讨在目标平行结构的文本阅读中长时记忆目标信息的易化整合，包括2个分实验，分别探讨进入长时记忆的尚未实现的和己经实现的目标信息是否处于易化状态对当前阅读信息的整合产生影响。 实验3:目标信息阅读过程中预期整合研究 探讨目标焦点阅读中的预期整合加工，包括3个分实验，分别探讨在自然阅读条件下，尚未实现的目标和己经实现的目标是否作为阅读的焦点对阅读中的目标信息进行预期推理整合。 实验4:工作记忆中目标信息的建构整合研究工 探讨在工作记忆中目标信息的追随性的建构整合方式，包括4个分实验，分别探讨在工作记忆中目标监控下的阅读，是否会随着阅读进程对有关目标的信息进行追随性的建构。 实验5:工作记忆中目标信息的建构整合研究H 用另一种材料范式探讨在工作记忆中目标信息的追随性的建构整合方式，包括5个分实验，分别探讨在工作记忆中目标监控下，读者是否会随着阅读进程对有关目标信息进行追随建构以及追随建构的时间进程。 本研究的结果表明: 1、长时记忆中目标信息的整合，如果在目标包含结构中，进行恢复激活与整合;如果在目标平行结构中，进行易化整合。 2、在焦点阅读中，目标焦点的形成会对阅读中有关目标的信息产生预期整合作用。 3、在工作记忆中目标监控下，读者会对随后进入的与目标有关的信息进行追随性的建构整合。 本研究结果总的表明:在不同文本条件下可能会发生不同性质的信息的激活与整合，建构主义理论与记忆基础文本加工理论都只是说明了文本阅读信息加工的一个侧面;在不同的目标结构的文本阅读中，目标信息的整合有不同的方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Text-Comprehension is very important to people to obtain knowledge. Several theories have been put forward to explain how the processing is made. Nowadays, the constructionist theory and the memory-based text processing view are two of the most influential theories in text-comprehension.From the mid-1980, the goal information integration in the text was focused on the text-comprehension research. There were different views between two theories. Furthermore, there were also differences within the constructionist theory.The divergences between two theories occurred both in the activation and integration of goal information. The constructionist theory describes the process by which relevant background goal information becomes reactivated as a positive, problem solving process. Whereas in the memory-based text processing view, the process by which relevant background information becomes reactivated is a fast-acting, passive resonance process. It does not specify the integration of goal information.Within the constructionist theory, what kind of information to be reactivated is an important topic. Some research had show that the uncompleted goal information was more available then completed goal information and some to the contrary. Moreover, Some thought the goal in present attention was more available than those in long-term memory.The current research proposed that the divergences between two theories derived from the use of different materials in experiments. The research also suggested the divergences within constructionist theory probably derived from lacking of systematic analysis on the goal-information structure. It was possibly that the model of relevant background goal-information being reactivated in one structure was very different from others.Based on the analysis from prior research of text-comprehension in the west and according to the dual-processing theories proposed by Mo Lei in China, this study assumed that there were at least three kinds of goal-information integration in goal -based text reading, i.e. Reinstatement-integration, Facilitation-integration, and Here -and-now-integration. First, in the text reading with the inclusive relation of goals, relevant background goal-information in long-term memory becomes reactivated though the reinstatement of completed subgoal. Second, in the text reading with the parallel relation of goals, the uncompleted goal facilitates the integration of goal -information in long-term memory. And third, the goal-information in working memory becomes the reading focus to supervise the construction of the protagonist’sgoal-orient behavior in a here-and-now way.Using self-paced moving window display techniques and eye-tracking techniques, five experiments, including sixteen sub-experiments, were designed to test the assumption that the ways in the integration of goal-information varied with the patterns of reading materials. That following is in details.Experiment 1: Research on the Reinstatement-integration of goal-information in long-term memory.Experiment 2: Research on the Facilitation-integration of goal-information in long-term memory.Experiment 3: Research on the predictive inference occurring under control of goal-focus.Experiment 4: Research on the Here-and-now-integration of goal-information under control of goal-focus in working memory (I)Experiment 5: Research on the Here-and-now-integration of goal-information under control of goal-focus in working memory (II)The present research demonstrated that:1. In the text reading with the inclusive relation of goals, the closing signal of goal-information did prime the activation and integration of goal and subgoal. The activation was primed by the closing signal instead of spontaneous processing. In the text reading with the parallel relation of goals, the uncompleted goal information would facilitate the integration of relevant information.2. Under control of reading-focus, when the protagonist’s goal was uncompleted, the reader would make predictive inference on更多还原