【作者】 林清贤；

【导师】 林鹏；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 植物学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 红树林是分布于热带河口海湾潮间带的木本植物群落。由于红树林生长的潮滩含有大量的有机碎屑，为滩涂上的底栖动物提供了大量的能量来源，底栖动物比较丰富，可以为鸟类提供大量的食物来源，同时红树林又为鸟类提供了栖息，繁殖的场所，因而在红树林区鸟类的物种多样性较高。 本研究从1999年12月至2003年3月对漳州云霄漳江口、泉州洛江口、厦门东屿和厦门凤林4地红树林区鸟类进行为期3年4个月的调查。分析闽南沿海地区红树林区鸟类的种类、区系组成和时间动态；讨论红树林对鸟类种类和数量分布的影响；以及生境变迁对鸟类影响。研究云霄漳江口和泉州洛江口红树林区滩涂大型底栖动物密度、生物量和去灰分生物量的时间动态及其与鸟类数量分布的相关关系；以及云霄漳江口鸟类捕食作用对底栖动物的影响并探讨云霄漳江口滩涂蛏苗养殖对鸟类的影响。 四个样地中共调查到鸟类11目35科99属187种，其中厦门东屿红树林区鸟类89种，泉州洛江口红树林区143种，云霄漳江口红树林保护区131种，厦门凤林红树林区107种，综合以前宋晓军调查结果，在闽南沿海地区红树林区共有鸟类11目36科101属194种。区系地理分布上古北界种类120种、东洋界种类55种、广布种19种；生态类群上鸣禽84种、涉禽62种、游禽23种、攀禽14种、猛禽7种、陆禽4种；居留型上冬候鸟85种、留鸟59种、旅鸟39种、夏候鸟11种；国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类14种、中澳联合保护候鸟53种、中日联合保护候鸟94种。 云霄漳江口和泉州洛江口红树林区鸟类主要由鸣禽、涉禽和游禽组成，厦门凤林和厦门东屿两地红树林区鸟类主要由涉禽组成。种类组成上的差异与各红树林区的植株高度、植被分布状况、生境类型差异有关。 4个样地红树林中鸟类的种类和数量比较结果表明，鸟类的物种数和数量与红树林面积呈正相关关系，高大的红树林可以给鹭类和鸣禽提供繁殖场所。红树林斑块分布对鸟类影响比较复杂，一方面斑块生境异质性高，可以吸引不同类型鸟类，另一方面又导致了红树林生境的破碎化，减少了鸟类的活动空间，从而导致鸟类种类和数量的减少。 闽南沿海地区红树林区鸟类每月物种数在57—104种之间变动，3月最多，6月最少，不同样地具有不同的鸟类物种数月变动趋势。鸟类数量具有冬季高峰期和夏季低谷期，但云霄漳江口红树林区鸟类数量只有明显的冬季高峰期，夏季并无明显数量低谷期，这主要是由于云霄漳江口夏季有大量的鹭类在红树林中进行繁殖。种类和数量的月变动主要由候鸟迁徙引起。 厦门东屿红树林区的开发建设和红树林破坏引起当地鸟类物种数、数量、群落结构及物种多样性的变化。生境类型的多样化增加了不少鸟类物种，同时开发与破坏也导致了一些鸟类物种的消失。厦门东屿红树林区2002年的鹭类、鸭类和鸥类数量大量减少，分别只有19%年的14.4%，1.7%和2.4%。2002年的鸟类物种多样性和均匀度指数均比19%年低。厦门凤林红树林区石堤建设前后红树林中的鹭类数量比较表明，石堤建设导致了在红树林中聚群休息的鹭类数量减少了69.9%，其中小白鹭数量减少77.6%，而对其它鹭科鸟类数量影响不显著。 国内尚未见到关于滩涂水鸟与大型底栖动物相关关系的研究报道，我们通过对泉州洛江口红树林区滩涂大型底栖动物和水鸟数量月变动研究，分析两者的相关关系，发现总体上滩涂大型底栖动物主要通过密度来影响水鸟的数量分布，而生物量或去灰分生物量对水鸟数量分布影响不大。不同类群底栖动物对水鸟数量分布影响主要也是通过密度起作用，但各类群作用不同，其中螺类、贝壳类和其他类的作用比蟹类和多毛类大。螺类和多毛类的生物量或去灰分生物量对部分水鸟类群数量分布有显著的影响作用。 云霄漳江口红树林区滩涂大型底栖动物和水鸟数量的相关关系不如泉州洛江口红树林区密切，这主要受云霄漳江口红树林区滩涂蛙苗养殖影响。云霄漳江口红树林区滩涂蛙苗养殖对水鸟影响因素主要有三个方面，分别为滩涂使用农药、人为干扰严重和大量蛙苗被捕获。蛙苗养殖使滩涂上鹃鹏类、鹭类、鸥类大量减少，而对鸭类数量影响相对较小。 捕食者排除实验结果表明，由于受蛙苗养殖影响，云霄漳江口红树林区滩涂水鸟数量不够多，其捕食作用不足以引起滩涂上大型底栖动物的密度、生物量或去灰分生物量的降低。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mangroves are woody plant communities in the intertidal zone of tropical coast. Mangroves are major producers of detritus that will provide a lot of food to macrobenthic, which was main food of waterbirds on mudflat. Simultaneity, mangroves can provide habitat for bird’s resting and breeding. So bird’s species diversity in mangrove area is high.Bird of four mangrove areas in Southern Fujian was studied from december 1999 to march 2003. Bird species composition and their faunal were discussed. By comparing mangroves ’ distribution, the function of mangrove to bird species and quantity were analyzed. Habitat changing and its effect on birds were analyzed also. Temmporal variation of density, biomass and ash free biomass of macrobenthic and at Quanzhou and Yunxiao mangrove areas was analyzed. The correlation between macrobenthic and waterbirds on mudflat was discussed. Prey-excluded experiment for analyzing bird feeding intension on macrobenthic was done at Yunxiao mangrove area. The effect of culturing clam seedling at Yunxiao mangrove area on birds was discussed.187 bird species, belonging 33 families 11 orders were recorded during the study period in the four mangrove areas. 89, 143, 131 and 107 bird species were recorded at Dongyu, Quanzhou, Yunxiao and Fenglin mangrove area respectively. Integrating the result done by Songxianjun in 1996, 194 bird species, belonging to 36 families 11 orders were recorded at Southern Fujian mangrove areas. Among them, 120 species were paleartics, 55 species were oriental and 19 species were wide distributive species; 84 species were songbirds, 62 species were waders, 23 species were waterfowl, 14 species were climbing-bird, 7 species were raptor and 4 species were land-bird; 85 species were wintering, 59 species were resident, 39 species were traveling and llspecies were summering; 14 species were national conservation bird, 53 specieswere migrant protecting both by Chinese and Australia, 94 species were migrant protecting both by Chinese and Japanese.Bird species compositions were different in the four mangrove areas. Most species were songbirds, wader and swimmer at Yunxian and Quanzhou mangrove areas. At Fenglin and Dongyu mangrove areas and most of species were wader. The difference in bird species composition might be caused by the height of mangroves, distribution of vegetation and differece of habitat types.The result of comparing bird species and quantities among four mangrove areas indicated that bird species and quantities in mangrove was positive correlated with area of mangrove, higher mangrove can providing breeding habitat for some herons and songbirds. The effect of patchy-distribution of mangrove on birds was complexity. Its increased habitat heterogeneity can attract some different type birds. However, its result of fragmetating mangrove habitat decreased the species diversity and population size of birds.Bird species in mangrove areas changed monthly from 57 to 104, in which March was the largest and June was the least. Different studied areas had different bird’s species monthly changing trend. Poupulation size of birds in Quanzhou, Dongyu and Fenglin had a high peak in winter and dropped to the lowest in summer. But at Yunxiao mangrove area, as result of a lot of herons breeding in mangrove in summer, population size of birds didn’t dropped down significantly in summer.Exploitation and reducing mangrove area at Dongyu mangrove area had changed population size of birds, community-structure and species diversity. Exploitation resulted diversification of habitat type which increasing some bird species. However, mangrove and mudflat reducing resulted disappear of some bird species. By comparing with 1996, the population size of herons, ducks and gulls in 2002 was reducing 85.6%, 98.3% and 97.6%, the species diversity and evenness of birds were reduced. Building of rocky-bank in Fenglin mangrove area make herons which resting on mangrove reduced 69.9%, little egret reduced 77.6%.Our correlation analysis between macrobenthic and water更多还原