【作者】 王继永；

【导师】 刘勇； 王文全；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林培育， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch)是我国北方大宗地道药材，同时也是维护我国西部荒漠、半荒漠草原地区生态环境的重要旱生植物。近50年来，我国甘草野生资源面积减少了50％以上，已处于严重的资源危机状况。对乌拉尔甘草栽培营养的系统研究，可以制定出科学合理的栽培措施，提高人工栽培甘草的产量和质量，保护野生资源，同时为人工甘草的规范化栽培提供科学依据。本文通过野外实地调查、盆栽模拟试验、田间施肥试验和实验室分析等手段对乌拉尔甘草自然分布区的土壤特点、野生甘草营养特性、栽培甘草氮素营养特性、氮磷钾营养特性、微量元素营养特性和产业化栽培条件下甘草的施肥策略进行了系统的研究。在野外调查过程中设置了从新疆布尔津到吉林齐齐哈尔之间的30个调查取样点，田间试验选择了赤峰和杭锦旗两个试验区，盆栽试验选用了甘草一年生播种苗和二年生移栽苗同时作为研究对象。 研究结果表明：乌拉尔甘草主要生长在沙壤土上，土壤pH值平均为8.89，变动范围在7.59～10.10之间。土壤N、P、K元素含量偏低，碳酸钙含量和土壤全铜、全硼和全钼含量相对较高，全铁、全锰和全锌含量相对较低。分布区土壤重金属元素铅、镉、铬的含量不超标。甘草分布区可划分为6个地带性土壤亚区，不同亚区间土壤质地差异达到了显著水平。土壤速效磷、钴含量、镍含量、铬含量差异均达到极显著水平，而土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量亚区间差异不显著。 野生乌拉尔甘草体内的N、P、K等大量元素分布规律相同，都是叶含量＞茎含量＞根含量；而Mn、Cu、Zn、B的分布规律恰好与前者相反，其它微量元素也有不同程度差异。甘草叶片N、P、K含量均高于单子叶植物，微量元素Fe含量偏高，其它元素含量处于一般水平。不同土壤亚区之间甘草叶片P、Mg、Fe、Mo含量以及药材的甘草酸含量差异均达到极显著水平，B达到显著水平。土壤有效态养分和甘草叶片营养、甘草酸之间的相关性不明显。在所有甘草叶片营养元素中只有B元素和甘草酸含量呈极显著正相关，可以模拟线性回归方程。 在氮素梯度试验中，当施氮量到达1.2gN／盆之前，氮的增施对甘草主要生长和生理指标均有良好的促进作用，以0.8和1.2gN／盆为最佳，而超过1.2gN／盆时，甘 摘要草开始受到毒害，以上各指标均有不同程度的下降。甘草净光合速率与生物量、产量呈显著线性正相关。甘草叶全氮、全磷、全钾和株高、芦头直径、单株干重和产量之间呈现分段回归的线性关系。提高施氮水平对甘草叶绿素荧光参数影响不显著，对甘草酸含量有不同程度的促进作用。通过营养诊断的叶片分析临界值法，确定了栽培甘草在九月份叶全氮的营养诊断指标值。同时利用综合诊断施肥法(DRIS)，做出甘草DRIS综合营养诊断图，确定了甘草叶片幻P、P加、K/N为DRIS的重要参数，并求得它们的最佳值分别是一年生甘草K/P 39.88、P加0.1432、K月又5.71，二年生甘草幻P 18.53、P/N 0.1775、KfN 3.28。 在氮磷钾配合试验中，甘草各项生长指标和生理指标基本均为复肥型高于单肥型，复肥型中又以营养平衡型大于营养失调型。单肥型中单施氮、磷肥促进地上部分生长，单施钾肥对甘草地下部分生长有利。在复肥型中，磷元素的合理配施可以提高氮的肥效，在一定范围内增加氮肥施用量可以提高叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素的含量和净光合速率。以甘草生理和生长指标为评价标准，初步筛选NIP3凡、从P4耘为理想施肥组合，初步确定最佳施肥量是:N:0.5一1.0，P:0.9~1.2，K:1.2~1.69/盆。另外，合理的氮磷钾配比对甘草酸合成起到很好的促进作用。根据氮磷钾二次肥料数学模型最佳施肥量的计算结果，最终确定了甘草在各个生长时期的适宜施肥量范围。 Mn、M。、B、Zn等4种微量元素肥料对甘草的生长、生理、产量以及药材质量都有不同程度的促进作用。一年生甘草在施B的条件下，生长和生理指标最高，而二年生甘草施MO表现最好。4种微量元素对一、二年生甘草的甘草酸合成具有相同的促进作用，都是施Mn最高，其次是Zn、B、M。含量依次减少。通过模糊综合评判，筛选出B和Mn元素分别为一、二年生甘草施用效果最佳的微量元素种类。 甘草施肥田间试验结果表明，不同种类的有机、无机肥料和不同施用量对甘草生长和产量影响显著，对甘草酸含量也有作用。采用模糊综合评判方法，筛选出了两个试验区最佳施肥组合。其中在杭锦旗试验区采用每亩地施玉米葵花专用复合肥40kg，或施猪粪2000 kg，或施羊粪1000kg，在赤峰试验区采用每亩地施西洋牌复合肥40 kg，施鸡粪500kg或羊粪400okg都可以取得相对较高的甘草产量和质量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is one of the most important medicinal plants in northern China and it also possesses significant value in ecological protection. The area of wild G. uralensis resources has decreased by 50 percent in the last 50 years. The crisis of wild resources has become more and more serious. Therefore, the systematic studies on nutrition management in G. uralensis cultivation can establish scientific and reasonable cultivating measure, improve the yield and quality of G. uralensis medicinal materials and protect the wild resources. At the same time, the achievement can provide scientific foundation for standardization cultivation of G. uralensis. On the basis of field investigation, potted experiment, field fertilization experiment and chemical analysis in laboratory, systematic studies were carried out on the soil chemical and physical characteristics in natural distributive area of G uralensis, nutrition characteristics of wild G uralensis, nitrogen nutrition characteristics, nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrition characteristics, trace element nutrition characteristics and field fertilization strategy of cultivating G uralensis. The investigation plots covered 30 counties from Buerjin County in Xinjiang Weiwuer Autonomous Region to Qiqihaer City in Jilin Province. Two different field experimental districts located in Hangjin County and Chifeng City of inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and one year old seedling and one and two year old seedlings were selected as experimental materials in potted experiment. The main results are as follows:G uralensis mainly grows on sandy loam soil and the soil pH-value is 8.89.its changing scope from 7.59 to 10.10. Comparing to other places in the soil, the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are lower, calcium carbonate, cupper, boron and molybdenum are higher, and iron, manganese and zinc are comparatively lower. The concentrations of heavy metal elements are within the limit. The natural distributive area of G. uralensis can be divided into 6 different soil sub-regions. The soil texture difference among sub-regions reaches significant level; the difference of phosphorus, cobalt, nickel and chromium in different sub-regions reaches most significant level and the difference of soil organic substance, nitrogen and potassium concentration is notsignificant.The distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different organs of wild G uralensis is same, the discipline is: concentration in leaf > in stem > in root. But the distribution of the trace element as manganese, zinc, copper and boron is contrary to the former; the distribution of other trace elements is also different. The concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in G. uralensis leaf is higher than those in the single cotyledon plant leaf and the content of iron is also relative high and the contents of other trace elements are common. The contents difference of phosphorus, iron, molybdenum and magnesium in G. uralensis leaf and of glycyrrhizinic acid in G uralensis root in different soil sub-regions reach most significant level, the difference of boron content reaches significant level. The relativity between the soil available nutrient content and G uralensis leaf nutrient content and glycyrrhizinic acid content is not obvious. Among the entire nutrients in the G uralensis leaf, boron is the only element obviously related to glycyrrhizinic acid content, the regressive equation could be simulated between boron and glycyrrhizinic acid content.In nitrogen experiment, before the dosage of nitrogen fertilization reaches 1.2 g/pot, increasing the dosage of nitrogen fertilization accelerates the growth and physiological indicator. When the dosage reaches 1.2 g/pot, almost all indicators are highest, when the dosage exceeds 1.2 g/pot, all the indicators decline. The net photosynthesis rate of G uralensis has significant positive liner relationship with biomass and yield. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in G uralensis leaf have liner relativity with更多还原