【作者】 刘洪章；

【导师】 李玉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本文首次对生长在同一生境下的中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘品种的栽培生物学——根、根瘤、茎、叶、花、果实、种子和幼苗的特征特性以及新梢生长、坐果和产量、叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率及呼吸速率、果实发育、果实营养成分的静态和动态变化及加工特性等进行了全面的比较研究，为制定沙棘的栽培技术措施和开展加工利用提供了科学依据；利用光学显微镜对三种沙棘的根、茎、叶、花和果实进行形态解剖学研究并对花粉和叶鳞毛进行了电镜扫描，提出了沙棘抗旱和抗寒的形态结构学依据；应用RAPD技术首次对三种沙棘及其雌雄株的遗传差异进行了分子标记，从基因水平区分了三种沙棘及其雌雄株；利用HPLC等方法首次对三种沙棘的化学成分——总黄酮及主要黄酮类成分异鼠李素、槲皮素、山奈酚和香豆素、齐墩果酸、维生素C及SOD等的动态变化进行了定性及定量比较研究，发现多数成分的动态变化呈“M”型曲线，并在果实成熟初期或完全成熟时达到最大值；利用气相色谱——质谱联用仪对三种沙棘的果油、果皮油和籽油中脂肪酸种类和组成、甾醇类及维生素E进行了定量比较研究，发现沙棘油的脂肪酸多数为不饱和脂肪酸；首次从蒙古沙棘果实中提取出3种黄酮类单体化合物和1种生物碱。这些研究为沙棘属植物的栽培、育种、性别鉴定、生态及抗性研究、加工利用和药用开发等提供了科学依据。主要结果如下： 1．本实验对沙棘的根和根瘤、茎、叶、花、果实、种子和幼苗的特征特性及新梢生长、坐果和产量、果实发育、叶片叶绿素含量及光合和呼吸速率等进行了系统研究。从生长量看，中国沙棘生长量较大，蒙古沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘次之；从果实重量、体积、单株产量上来看，俄罗斯沙棘较大，蒙古沙棘次之，中国沙棘较小；从果实发育看，三种沙棘果实重量和体积的动态变化生长曲线均呈“S”型；从光合作用来看，俄罗斯沙棘的光合作用也较强，有利于制造养分。这些研究为栽培中合理施肥和灌水提供了依据。 2．本实验对沙棘果实中可溶性固形物、糖、酸、糖/酸、含油量、维生素E、类胡萝卜素、氨基酸和矿质元素等进行了分析测定。俄罗斯沙棘的营养价值高于蒙古沙棘和中国沙棘。 3 从采摘时期看，以不同目的而定。如采果，俄罗斯沙棘、蒙古沙棘宜早采摘，在7月下旬为宜，中国沙棘果实在8月末最适采摘；如采叶，以制茶为目的宜在5月末采，以制饲料为目的宜在7月末采。制茶和制饲料的优质叶片品种足俄罗斯沙棘. 4对根瘤大小和固氮能力进行了研究，表明俄罗斯沙棘强于中国沙棘和蒙古沙棘. 5沙棘汁具有耐热稳定性，适于加工饮料. 6首次同时对中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘进行系统地形态解剖研究.利用光学显微镜对根、根瘤、茎、叶、花、果实、叶片蜂毛进行组织解剖结果表明，茎健部有机物以中国沙棘最多，其次是俄罗斯沙棘，蒙古沙棘较少;叶片气孔密度中国沙棘最高，其次是俄罗斯沙棘，蒙古沙棘较少。角质层中国沙棘最厚，其次是俄罗斯沙棘，最后是蒙古沙棘.从姗栏组织/海纬组织比值看，中国沙棘的栅/海比最大，俄罗斯沙棘次之，蒙古沙棘最小.中国沙棘叶蜂毛最密，主要为星状毛，俄罗斯沙棘主要是星盾状蜂毛，蒙古沙棘既有星盾状毛又有盾状毛.上述特征表明，中国沙棘抗早能力最强，在生态建设中应以栽培中国沙棘为主. 7对叶蜂毛和花粉进行了电锐扫描研究.扫描结果显示，叶表面蜂毛较密，成层分布，盖住了叶表面.中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘叶背蜂毛主要是盾状鳞毛.表明沙棘属植物均具有极强的杭早能力.从花粉扫描看，中国沙棘花粉极面观为三角形，俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘为三角球形;中国沙棘和蒙古沙棘花粉赤道面为近圆形，俄罗斯沙棘赤道面为椭团形;外壁表面纹饰中国沙棘和俄罗斯沙棘近于平滑，蒙古沙棘有皱波状;萌发孔类型均为三孔沟型。 8首次对三种沙棘及其雌雄株进行RAPD分析，结果表明，只用一个引物即可将三种沙棘中的任何一种雌雄株区分开，如引物B07、All、D03、E03四个引物之一即可将中国沙棘雌雄株区分开;引物B肠、All、D07三个引物之一即可将蒙古沙棘雌雄株区分开;引物A 13、E04、E07三个引物之一即可将俄罗斯沙棘区分开:A13，E14，B06，B07，B10，^11，D07，E03，E15等9个引物中任何一个，均可将中国沙棘、俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘区分开，但不能同时区分开雌雄株.只用2个引物，如引物Al卜人13或All+E04或All+E07，即可将3种沙棘及其雌雄株同时分开.从亲缘关系上看，俄罗斯沙棘和蒙古沙棘有许多相同谱带，说明二者在亲缘关系上较近。 9首次对生长在同一生境下的3种沙棘的化学成分-.慈黄酮、异鼠李素、褂皮素、山奈酚、香豆素、多糖果、齐墩果酸、维生素C和500等含量的动态变化进行了对比分析，结果表明沙棘多种有效成分基本都表现为，’M”型的变化曲线，但是各种有效成分变化趋势不同，黄酮和齐墩果酸动态变化一致，表现为果实和叶片含量变化趋势相反;香豆素和多糖在果实和叶片中的含量动态变化趋势一致.总体上沙棘有效成分中总黄酮、黄酮普元类成分、香豆素含量叶片高于果实;更多还原

【Abstract】 Biological characters of root, root nodules, stem, leaves, flower, fruit, seed, seedling and shoot growth length and vigor, fruit seting and yield, chlorophyll contents in leaves, photosynthetic and respiration rate of leaves, fruit development, and change of static state and trends of fruit nutrition components of three seabuckthorn cultivars (China seabuckthorn, Russia seabuckthorn and Mongolia seabuckthorn) from Hippophae rhamnoides L. which were planted at the same ecological condition were studied at contrast manner entirely, it provided scientific foundation for establishing growth measure and processing of seabuckthorn. Structure anatomy of root, stem, leaves, flower and fruit of seabuckthorn were observed by microscope, and pollen and leaf epidermis cuticle piliferous cell were observed by Scaning Electrion Microscope, structure foundation of fight a drought an resest cold from seabuckthorn were founded. Genetic difference of female and male plant from three seabuckthorn were markered at molecule level by RAPD technology, female and male plant of three seabuckthorn can be distinguished at the same time at gene level. Chemical components of seabuckthorn, for example, total flavone, isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaemferin, coumarin, leanolic acid, vitamin C and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were analyzed at contrast manner entirely by PHLC and so on, the results showed that trends change of majority chemical components contents in it appear "M" curve and they have peak near ripeness stage or full-ripe stage. Sort and composition of fatty acids, sterol and vitamin E from juice oil, pericarp oil and seed oil in seabuckthorn were determined by GC-MS, the results indicated that contents of unsaturation fatty acids is higher than saturation fatty acids except China seabuckthorn juice oil in it. Four monocase compounds were picked-up and separated from Mongolia seabuckthorn for the first time. Their structure were identified by mass spectrum(MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The research results provided scientific foundation for growth, breeding, sex identify of female and maleplants, ecology, fastness, processing utilization and traditional Chinese medicine development of seabuckthorn genus plant. The main results are as follows:1 . Biological characters of root, root nodules, stem, leaves, flower, fruit ,seed, seedling and shoot growth length and vigor, fruit set and yield, chlorophyll contents in leaves, photosynthetic and respiration rate of leaves, fruit development, and change of static state and trends of fruit nutrition components of 3 seabuckthorn cultivars (China seabuckthorn, Russia seabuckthorn and Mongolia seabuckthorn) from Hippophae rhamnoides L. which were planted at the same ecological condition were studied at contrast manner entirely. The results showed that growth length and vigor of China seabuckthorn is bigger and stronger than ones of Mongolia seabuckthorn and Russia seabuckthorn. Weight, volumne and yield of Russia seabuckthorn is the biggest and highest in three seabuckthorn cultivars, ones of Mongolia seabuckthorn is bigger and higher than ones of China seabuckthorn. The trends change of weight and volume of three seabuckthorn fruit appear "S" growth curve. Photosynthetic rate of Russia seabuckthorn is higher than one of Mongolia seabuckthorn and China seabuckthorn. The research results provided scientific foundation for establishing growth measure and processing of seabuckthorn.2. Contents of solid matter, sugar, acid, sugar/acid, oil, vitamin E, p-carrotene, amino acids and mineral elements were analyzed and determined. Nutation value of Russia seabuckthorn is higher than one Mongolia seabuckthorn and China seabuckthorn.3. According to the above results, harvest stage was determined with different object. For example, Russia seabuckthorn and Mongolia seabuckthorn fruit harvest stage is sutable during the last ten days of July and China seabuckthorn fruit harvest stage is sutable at the last ten days of August. Leaves made tea harvest stage was choosed更多还原