【作者】 王继文；

【导师】 邱祥聘； 曾凡同； 张亚平；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 动物遗传育种与繁殖， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本研究测定了15个中国家鹅品种、2个欧洲家鹅品种96个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列(1042bp)和44个个体细胞色素b基因全序列(1143bp)。17个家鹅品种96条控制区序列和GenBank中相关序列分析结果表明： 检测到94个多态位点，核苷酸多样度为0.015490，20种单倍型，H6是鸿雁家鹅的共享单倍型，鸿雁和灰雁家鹅没有共享单倍型，表现为两种不同的母系起源(细胞色素b基因全序列分析也得到了同样的结果)，支持灰雁和鸿雁家鹅为两种不同起源的结论。中国的伊犁鹅和欧洲的朗德鹅、莱茵鹅起源于灰雁，其他中国家鹅起源于鸿雁，不支持灰雁家鹅和鸿雁家鹅来源于灰雁西方亚种和灰雁东方亚种的观点。 不同家鹅品种的核苷酸多样度表现出较大的差异(0～0.135)，灰雁鹅种的核苷酸多样度(1.179)明显高于鸿雁鹅种(0.088)。豁眼鹅与其它中国鸿雁品种间的核苷酸分歧度(0.211～0.272)明显高于其它鸿雁鹅品种间的核苷酸分歧度(0.000～0.094)。较低的核苷酸多态度表明，同一起源的家鹅mtDNA群体分化程度较低，它们拥有较近的共同祖先，且可能是在不同的时间多个中心由鸿雁野生种驯化而成。推测广东的汕头地区(狮头鹅)、四川(四川白鹅)、江苏(太湖鹅)、湖南(溆浦鹅)、安徽的六安地区(雁鹅)、山东的莱阳地区(豁眼鹅)等是中国鸿雁鹅的主要驯养驯化地。 在中国鸿雁家鹅品种的形成过程中，家鹅的遗传分化式样与品种的地理分布型式有很大的相关性，表现为地理分化的物种形成模型。豁眼鹅的遗传分化程度高于中国其它鸿雁家鹅，其他鸿雁家鹅品种间的遗传分化不明显。 家鹅控制区部分序列(1042bp)的保守元件F-box(265～293)、D-box(371～395)和C-box(419～445)位于控制区Ⅱ，CSB-1(719～745)位于控制区Ⅲ。灰雁和鸿雁家鹅控制区序列的F-box、D-box、C-box和CSB-1四个序列保守元件在雁属鹅种间或种内品种间均表现出了高度的保守性。控制区Ⅰ和控制区Ⅲ是家鹅线粒体DNA控制区序列的高变区，尽管控制区Ⅰ只测定了246bp，但控制区Ⅰ的转换值(S)、颠换值(V)和分歧百分比(P)均明显高于控制区Ⅲ，控制区Ⅱ最为保守。灰雁和鸿雁mtDNA控制区序列转换数远大于颠换数，表明家鹅线粒体控制区序列在种间、控制区区域间表现出不同的变异模式。用控制区序列研究近缘鹅种的系统进化关系比细胞色素b基因更适合。 用最大似然法(ML)、最大简约法(MP)和最小进化法(ME)基于鹅线粒体DNA控制区1042bP序列构建的系统进化树拓扑结构相似，雁属鹅种聚积在一起形成雁属鹅种进化枝，黑雁属的黑雁、红胸黑雁、加拿大黑雁、白颊黑雁和天鹅属的黑天鹅以及埃及雁、斑胁草雁、扁嘴天鹅及澳洲灰雁聚积在一个进化分枝上，形成两大进化分枝，且ML、MP和ME分析的支持率均为100%。在雁属鹅种的系统进化关系中，形成了4个进化枝，即:(l)细嘴雁、雪雁、帝雁和斑头雁，(2)小白额雁、豆雁、白额雁以及粉脚雁，(3)14个中国鸿雁家鹅品种，(4)灰雁东方亚种、灰雁西方亚种和灰雁家鹅(朗德鹅、莱茵鹅和伊犁鹅)。中国鸿雁家鹅形成一单源进化枝，豁眼鹅与其他家鹅品种形成两个分枝，MP、ML和ME分析的BP值均为100%。豁眼鹅与其他家鹅品种间的遗传距离均为0.0029，除豁眼鹅外的中国家鹅品种间的距离值均为0，表明豁眼鹅的分化时间早于其他家鹅品种，其它中国鹅品种亲缘关系极近，在进化分枝上的支序和分组不明显，BootstraP检验的BP值较低(ML为55%，MP为53%，ME为51%)。 豁眼鹅与其它13个鸿雁家鹅品种间的基因流很小(Nm=0 .02~0.54)，遗传漂变是豁眼鹅与其他鸿雁家鹅间遗传分化的主要因素;另外13个鸿雁家鹅品种的地理分布是邻域或同域分布，品种间存在较强的基因交流(Nm=12.0一“.33)，因此，基因流是这13个鸿雁鹅品种遗传分化程度低的主要因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 To study the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of domestic geese in China, using the sequences of partial mitochondrial control region ( CR )(approximately 1042bp in length) and the complete sequence (1143bp) of cytochrome b ( Cyt b ) were determined from 17 breeds representing 2 species, Anser cygnoides (14 breeds in China) and Anser anser (2 breeds (Rhin & Landoise) in Europe and Yili breed in China). To confirm the results based on CR and Cyt b. Analyzing these data together with the same sequence part available in GenBank, we can draw some conclusions as follow:There are 94 variable positions define 20 hapotypes in CR of 100 domestic geese, H6 is major haplotype among 14 breeds (Anser cygnoides), and no shared haplotype between Anser anser and Anser cygnoides. Supporting the hypothesis of dual origin of domestic geese (the same results based on Cyt b). Domestic geese in China was descent from Anser cygnoides except for the Yili breed that derived from Anser anser. Neither the western subspecies Anser anser anser nor me eastern Anser anser rubrirostris are the ancestor of domestic geese (Anser cygnoides) in China.The average nucleotide diversity in Anser anser (1.179) was higher than in Anser cygnoides (0.088) and varied different domestic breeds (0~ 0.135). The nucleotide diversity was 0.211-0.272 between Huoyan breed and other Chinese breeds of Anser cygnoides, higher than between each other Chinese swan geese breeds 0-0.094(exception for Huoyan breed). Low Nucleotide diversity indicated that genetic differentiation coming from the same origin was relatively low, and may be have a recent common ancestry for the populations. We can conjecture that the Anser cygnoides were domesticated in the multiple places including Shantou in Guangdong (ShitOU breed), Sichuan (Sichuan white breed), Jiangsu (Taihu breed), Hunan (Xupu breed), Anhui (Van breed) and Laiyang in Shandong (Huoyan breed).During the formation of domestic breeds from Anser cygnoides, there are relatively relationship between the genetic differentiation of domestic geese and some geographic scale.The genetic differentiation is relatively high between Huoyan and other breeds of Anser cygnoides, whereas between in each other breeds of Anser cygnoides are clearly low genetic differentitation(exception for Huoyan breed). The genetic variation is high among graylag geese breeds (Anser anser).The conserved structured features are clearly evident by alignment between Anser anser and Anser cygnoides.P-(from 265 to 293 positions), D-(from 371 to 395 positions), and C-boxes(from 419 to 445 positions) are located in the central domain, and CSB-l(from 719 to 745 positions) is located in domain III for domestic geese CR partial sequences (1042bp). Most of the nucleotide differences between the species are concentrated to the 5’ and 3’ hypervariable domains I and III of the control region. Although only 246bp sequenced in domain I, transition (S),transversion(V) and percentage of divergence (P) are higher than domain III. The average sequence divergences between Anser anser and Anser cygnoides in this study in domain I,domain II and domain III are 9.86%, 1.36% and X49%,respectively.The number of transition is higher than that of transversion in domestic geese CR.The phylogenetic analysis was based on 1042bp nucleotide positions of the mitochondria control region by maximum parsimony, maximum likehood, and minimum evolution and obtained 3 trees with nearly identical topology.The species grouped into two mtDNA lineages (MP,ML,ME 100%): (1) Cygnus atratusjiranta, Chloephaga picta, Alopochen aegyptiacus, Cereopsis novaehollandiae and Coscoroba coscoroba, (2) Anser. Phylogenetic anayses of the concatenated sequences split Anser into four clades including: (1) Anser rossii, Anser caerulescens, Anser canagica and Anser indicus, (2) Anser erythropus, Anser fabalis rossicus, Anser albifrons and Anser brachyrhynckus,(3) Anser cygnoldes(14 breeds) , (4) Anser anser anser, Anser anser rvbrirostris,Anser anrer(Landoise,Rhin,Yili breed).From phyletic trees更多还原