情绪影响决策内隐认知机制的实验研究

【作者】 庄锦英；

【导师】 杨治良；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 关于人类决策行为的研究在相当长一个时期内主要有标准化和描述性两种范式。标准化决策强调建立数学模型，它有两个必要的前提假设：其一是个体有稳定的偏好系统，其二是计算能力强大。描述性决策在有限理性思想的指导下，转而研究人的真实决策行为，但它将主要精力放在了对人类决策行为方式中启发式和偏差的寻找上，用标准化决策对理性一致性、不变性的假设去衡量人的各种决策行为，得出人的“非理性”结论。 在上述研究的理论背景下，本研究在内容上，打破冷认知的禁锢，选择情绪这种最富有色彩的心理因素作为关注的焦点，从功能上探讨情绪对决策内隐认知机制的影响。在研究范式上，一方面承袭描述性研究传统——探讨人类的现实决策行为；另一方面又超越描述性范式，在进化论框架内重新检视影响决策的因素，审视人类的现实决策行为，用生态理性观诠释情绪的功能作用。 全文分为四章：第一章为文献资料的综述部分，系统回顾了决策研究两种范式(标准化范式、描述性范式)的主要理论及其有代表性的思想，介绍了两种研究范式对待情绪与决策关系的态度及理论，阐明了有关情绪与认知研究的新近观点，为笔者提出自己的理论假设奠定基础。 第二章提出整个研究的出发点及假设。研究的总体目标是在进化论思想的框架内考察情绪影响决策认知的内隐机制。具体有以下几个假设：1．情绪影响认知加工策略的机制是内隐的；2．情绪启动效应的机制是内隐的；3．消极偏向可以自动激活，自动激活的消极偏向是成本沉没效应等现象的解释机制；4．探讨情绪影响边框效应的机制；5．探讨情绪影响风险决策的模式；6．情绪具有生态理性。 第三章包括6个实验，主要验证了以下几个方面的问题：首先，积极信息(积极情绪、积极边框)条件下，个体更多采用自动加工策略；消极信息(消极情绪，消极边框)条件下，个体更多采用控制加工策略，并且自动加工与控制加工之间的转换机制是内隐的。这表明情绪在适应环境的过程中获得了根据环境自动调节认知方式的功能。其次，积极情绪条件下个体并不缺少加工能力，个体在积极情绪条件下，既可以节省认知资源，又可以做出正确决策。第三，在判情绪影响决策内隐认知机制的实验研究断任务中，无论进行自动加工还是控制加工，情绪启动效应的性质是一样的，都是内隐启动效应。第四，在信息加工过程中，个体具有消极偏向，且消极偏向是自动激活的，这种自动激活的消极偏向具有坚实的生物学基础，它是人类适应环境、保存物种所必需的。第五，积极情绪条件下，个体具有风险寻求偏向;消极情绪条件下，个体具有风险规避偏向。 第四章是总讨论，在本研究结果的基础上，结合其他研究已经证明了的结论，提出并阐明情绪的生态理性观。更多还原

【Abstract】 There are two paradigms in the research area of decision making for a long time. Normal decision making is deeply involved in setting up mathematical models. It has two indispensable prerequisites: There is a stable preference system and a large capacity of calculation in human. Under the idea of bounded rationality, descriptive decision making is dedicated to exploring human real decision behaviors. But it is mainly concentrated on discovering heuristics and biases. It claims that human is irrational because it uses the rules of consistency and invariability to evaluate people’s decision behaviors.Based on these theories, This research is primarily concerned with emotion which has the strong taste of mentality and has been be ignored since the time of cool cognition. It’s main issue is to investigate the mechanisms of the impact of emotion on decision making from the perspective of emotion’s function. On research paradigms, while it is in line with that of description to investigate people’s real decision behavior, it is not stubborn to claim that human is irrational to violate the rules of consistency and invariability in the process of decision making. In the light of theory of evolution, it reexamines the elements which influence people’s decision making and reinterprets the irrational behaviors.This article includes four chapters. The first chapter is a review on three aspects: The main ideas of two theories (normal/ descriptive) in decision making. The attitude toward the relationship between emotion and decision making in this two theories are reviewed. Recent point of view on the relationship between emotion and cognition is reexamined.The second chapter represents several hypotheses of this research: 1. The mechanism which emotion influences cognitive strategy is implicit; 2. The mechanism of emotion priming is implicit; 3. Negative bias can be automatically activated. It can give some explanations to sunk cost effect phenomenon etc. 4. Exploring how emotion influences the framing effect. 5. Exploring the effects of emotion on risk decision making. 6. Emotion has ecological rationality.Chapter three includes six experiments. The results are as follows: First subjects involved in more automatic processing when under the positive information (positive emotion/positive framing) condition than under the negative condition and the mechanism of the change between automatic and controlled processing is implicit. This phenomenon indicates that emotion gained a function to regulate cognition in the process of adaptation to the environment. Second Positive affect increases, at least maintains the processing capacity as negative affect does. That is under the positive condition, not only can emotion save cognitive resources, but also it can help people to make decision correctly. Third, with the judgment task the emotion priming is implicit no matter it is in automatic or in controlled processing. Forth, When processing information subjects have negative bias and it is automatically activated and has deep root in biology. It’s the result of adaptation and it is important for generation. Fifth, Emotion influences the mode of risk decision making: under the positive condition subjects have risk-seeking tendency whereas under the negative condition they take risk-avoidance position.Chapter 4 is a general discussion. Based on the results of this research and others, we claim that emotion has ecological rationality.更多还原