【作者】 吕玉华；

【导师】 郑大玮；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业大学 ， 生态学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 以系统耦合理论为核心，运用系统科学和生态工程的理论和方法，宏观农牧业统计资料、北方旱区农业研究资料和数据、内蒙古草地基础数据、畜牧气象观测资料等为基础，系统观测农耕区和畜牧区农户、牧户的农牧业生产模式，进行系统耦合及相悖的运算及分析，在总结现有农牧耦合成功模式的基础上，建立农牧系统耦合的生产范式。应用能值分析方法进行农牧耦合功率最大化设计。主要结论有： ● 北方农牧交错带内蒙古段牧草种植适宜和次适宜的年份占65％，不适宜的年份出现概率35％；粮食作物在77％以上的年份都是不适宜种植的。现存植物生产系统生态适应性差，产生地境—植物界面(A)的系统相悖。 ● 以粮食作物为主的农田系统，成为水土流失，土地荒漠化的直接原因。如将农田系统恢复为人工草地，风蚀降低率76.3％；人工草地经济效益能达到粮食作物的2倍以上。 ● 草食家畜主要分布在草原畜牧区，畜牧区现实载畜量是适宜载畜量的1.15～2.60倍；农耕区少数旗县现实载畜量为适宜载畜量的70％左右，大部分旗县现实载畜量只能达到适宜载畜量的35％以下。 ● 种植业生产模式农户年人均纯收入在600～1500元之间。自繁自育农牧业生产模式绵羊年净利润5.6元／只·a。自繁自育肉用牛年净利润217.0元／只·a。自繁自育生产模式净利润微薄，没有经济利益驱使，农户缺少养畜的动力，是农耕区草食家畜缺载的原因。 ● 易地育肥农牧耦合依赖于草原畜牧区和农耕区之间饲草料资源、草食家畜时空分布的互补性，农产追逐净利润的动力因素是其发展的直接原因，其净利润来自农耕区与畜牧区牲畜单位重量价格差和牲畜体重增加、屠宰率升高的牲畜个体价格差。2002年易地育肥羊的年净利润是自繁自育的20倍；易地育肥牛年净利润是自繁自育的6.5倍。年育肥规模在200只羊单位左右农产，年净利润10800元左右；年育肥规模在800～1200只之间农户，年净利润在22720～34080元之间。 ● 农牧耦合对农耕区植物生产系统的效应直接表现为改变种植结构，系统耦合前农产几乎没有人工牧草种植。而系统耦合后，人工牧草种植比例达到20％～36％。 ● 易地育肥农牧耦合可以提高动物生产系统效率，使草原畜牧区畜产品生产效率增长3.27倍；农耕区畜产品生产效率增长1.84倍。 ● 以农耕系统从畜牧系统输入的能量为限制因子，研究区农耕系统尚剩余其总能流单位12.3％～39.2％的能量，需要进行其它多种形式的系统耦合，才能使农耕系统和畜牧系统的总体功率达到最大。 ● 易地育肥农牧耦合模式的发展，需要技术和政策支持，畜舍小气候调控技术是其中之一。该地区普遍使用的羊圈几乎没有保温效果，舍饲后羊舍内温度可达到-1℃。 畜牧草原区和农耕区植物生产系统和动物生产系统的空间相悖，是本地区生态系统最根本的相悖。易地育肥农牧耦合把畜牧系统和农耕系统统一起来，能有效减少草原畜牧区草食家畜分布密度，使草原区草地封育和家畜舍饲成为可能；也是提高农耕区草食家畜承载能力的最有效途径，从而促进农田系统恢复为草地系统。易地育肥是恢复农牧交错带生态系统、提高农牧业整体生产力的成功范例。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on system coupling theory, this study examined the agricultural and pastoral production patterns of the households both in agricultural farming region and animal husbandry region. By calculating and analyzing the system coupling and system contrary, comparing the existing patterns, some typical agro-pastoral system coupling patterns were recommended. The designing for maximum system coupling functioning efficiency was also performed according to the emergy analysis method. The vast amount data sets used in this study included: (1) macro-statistical data of agriculture and animal husbandry; (2) data collected for the research project of dry land agriculture in northern China; (3) some basic data about the grassland in Inner Mongolia; (4) The observation data for animal husbandry meteorology. Following are the main conclusions obtained from this study. In the Inner Mongolian section of the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China, the probability of years in which the plantation of forage plants are classified as suitable or hypo-suitable are 65%, while in the other 35% years, the cultivation of forage plants are unsuitable. In more than 77% years, the plantation of grain crops is classified as unsuitable. The existing plantation system in the study area violated the law of ecological adaptability, causing the system contrary in the interface between surface environment and vegetation. Most land in the typical grassland region has been exploited into agricultural fields, while the land in desert grassland region was remained due to its rigid environmental condition. The current spatial distribution of land use pattern is that agricultural fields dominates agro-ecotone, mosaic distribution of agricultural fields and pasture in agro-pastoral ecotone, and prataculture system dominates the pastoral ecotone. The existing land use pattern in the study area is deviated from a suitable plant production system that could accord to its environment. The grain crop dominated agro-system could cause severe soil erosion and accelerate land desertification. The wind erosion could be reduced by 76.3% if the agricultural field is restored to team pasture. The economic return of team pasture could be twice as much of the grain crops. The herbivorous livestock mainly distributed in the natural grassland region. The livestock products from the natural grassland is not only the main income source of the macro pastoral economy, but also the staple family income of pastoral household. The sustainable utilization of natural grassland has been and will still be the base of a healthy ecological and economic system in this region. The current livestock carrying capacity in the pastoral region is 1.15 ~ 2.60 times of its reasonable capacity, but the current capacities in a few agricultural counties/banners are about 70% of their reasonable capacities, while in most of the agricultural counties/banners, the current carrying capacity are only 35% of their reasonable values or even less. The average net income of the households with crop cultivation pattern is about 600~1500 Yuan per capita per annum. The net profit of raising sheep with local breeding and fattening pattern is 5.6 Yuan per sheep per annum. The net profit of raising beef cattle with local breeding and fattening pattern is 217.0 Yuan per cattle per annum. The low net profit with local breeding and fattening pattern is the main reason for the low carrying capacity of herbivorous livestock found in agricultural region. The development of the transferred fattening and agro-pastoral coupling pattern has been enhanced by its high economic benefit. The increase of net income by this pattern is mainly contributed to the price increase per unit weight, the body weight increase of individual animal, and the slaughter rate increase of the livestock in agricultural region comparing to those in pastoral region. The net profit of raising sheep with transferred fattening pattern was 20 times of that with local fattening pattern in 2002.更多还原