沈阳市大气颗粒物污染现状及对儿童肺功能的影响研究

【作者】 孙宪民；

【导师】 孙贵范；

【作者基本信息】 中国医科大学 ， 劳动卫生与环境卫生学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 目的 为了解沈阳市目前大气环境现状及其对儿童肺功能的影响，特别是了解在大气环境已经得到改善的情况下，PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PAHs、NPAHs及小学生肺功能的情况，评价目前大气质量为政府改善环境决策提供科学依据。 1．结合我国主要城市的空气污染综合指数，燃煤指示污染物TSP、SO₂浓度、能源结构以及历史资料的可获得性，调查比较沈阳市目前污染状况与历史污染状况，分析其发展变化规律。 2．根据沈阳市1991～2001年11年大气监测资料，确定重度污染、中度污染和相对清洁三个监测点。监测PM₁₀、PM_2.5在TSP中的构成；分析粉尘颗粒中的多环芳烃（PAHs）、硝基多环芳烃（NPAHs），研究其来源、浓度和健康效应。 3．三个监测点小学生的肺功能测试。 方法 1．监测点的选择 本研究结合沈阳市的能源结构，气象条件、大气主要污染物的污染水平、大气污染对健康的影响研究以及有关大气历史监测资料的可获得性，收集和分析了沈阳市1991～2001年沈阳环境质量监测资料，并据此选择沈阳市三个不同地区作为典型煤尘颗粒物、汽车尾气污染的监测现场。 通过调研，选择沈阳市内三个不同地区机动车交通量有差别的小学校作为监测地点，并在小学校内安放测试仪器。三个小学校分别选择是：机动车交通量最多的马路湾附近的和平区二校；中等程度交通量的沈河区文艺一校；交通量少的居民区皇姑区泰山小学。以校名作为监测点的名称。 2．颗粒物样品的采集与测定 （1）大气污染粉尘采样：在每个监测点设置AN-200自动空气采样器，分夏季（非采暖期）和冬季（采暖期）各采样一次，每次采样时间一周，每天24小时连续采样，同时记录气温、气压和相对湿度。 （2）用于PAHs、NPAHs监测的大气污染粉尘采样:使用日产大流量采样器采集，采集时间、方法同上。 （3）颗粒物样品分析:样品分析在日本国立环境研究所进行:PAHs及NPAHs测定在日本国金泽大学进行。采用高效液相色谱/荧光检测仪（HPLC/FLD）测定10种PAHs。用高效液相色谱/化学发光检测仪（HPL以CLP）测定11种NPAHs。 3.肺功能测试 选择居住3年以上家住距学校Ikm以内的8一10岁（三年级）健康儿童作为肺功能指标的测试对象（每个学校调查小学生100名左右）;共分四次测试。这四次分别是:采暖期前、采暖期中、采暖期结束、非采暖期。 肺功能采用日本捷斯特HI一701高级肺功能仪测定。测定的指标主要有:用力肺活量（FVC）、第一秒用力肺活量（几vl.。）和一秒率（FEvl.0/卿e）等[26一川，共检测1215人次。 4.统计分析 所有数据录人计算机，以EPI 6.0建立数据库，SPSS10 .0统计软件进行统计分析，主要统计方法包括t检验、相关分析等。结果 1.空气颗粒物粒径分布、浓度测定结果 将三地区不同粒径浓度累积计算，在非采暖期，蕊2.1林m的占全部颗粒物的38.89%，2.1一7.0林m的占36.75%，〕7林m的占24·37%;在采暖期，蕊2.1林m的占全部颗粒物的42.30%，2.1一7林m的占37.92%，〕7卜m的占19.78%。 在本次所监测的颗粒物中，在非采暖期，和平的颗粒物浓度最高（134.3林留m，），文艺居中（125.8林g/扩），泰山最低（80.9林扩m，）;在采暖期，文艺的颗粒物浓度最高（203.2卜扩m，），和平居中（192.6协扩m，），泰山最低（156.7林g/m，）。 2.大气中颗粒物中以Hs、NPAHs粒径分布、浓度测定结果 （l）PAHs、NPAHs粒径分布: 粒径分布:蕊2.1林m的分别是71%、67%;2.1一7.0林m的分别是23%、26%;〕7.0林m的分别是6%、7%。 （2）PAHs、NPAHs浓度: 在非采暖期，PAH。以机动车交通量高的和平最高（46 .9林扩m，），在交通量小的泰山最低（16.5协扩m，），而NPAHs不明显。在采暖期，PAHs在交通量最小的泰山反而最高（1092 .0林扩m，），NPAHs不明显。和非采暖期相比，采暖期的PAHs和NPAHs分别高出非采暖期的18一66倍和3一5倍。 （3）PAHs、NPAHs成分 PAHs，夏季，BbF浓度明显高于其它5种PAHs;冬季巧r和Flu浓度较高。NPAHs，夏季2一NP浓度高于1一NP和7一NBaA数倍，冬季2一NF明显高于2一Np和l一NP。 3.肺功能监测结果 3所学校间儿童肺功能指标在不同时期均有差异。其中采暖期结束时的FVC、FEVI.O均低于采暖期水平（P<0.05）。而后，三校均有不同程度回升，但到夏季非采暖期时均未恢复到采暖期时水平。男生各校不同季节间比较未见显著差异;女生上述两项指标明显低于男生（P<0.05）。 泰山儿童的肺功能指标显著好于和平、文艺。其中FVC在采暖期、采暖期结束、夏季非采暖期时，与文艺比较差异显著（P<0.05）。FEVI .0在采暖期结束、夏季非采暖期时，与文艺比较差异显著（P<0.05）。 FEVI .0在采暖期结束、夏季非采暖期时，和平高于文艺，有显著性差异（P<0.05）。 FEVI .0/FVC除采暖期之前和平与泰山比较有显著差异（P<0.05）外，其它季节未见显著性差异。结论 一、沈阳市燃煤对飞P和PM;。、PM二。的贡献率最大，高于机动车尾气排放。表明沈阳市大气颗?更多还原

【Abstract】 ObjectivesTo assess the present situation of atmospheric environment of Shenyang and its population effect, especially to assess the PM10, PM2 5, PAHs, NPAs and pulmonary function of primary school students under the circumstance that the atmospheric environment has already been improved and to provide scientific basis for the environmental policy to make process of hierarchy for governments.1. In accordant with general indices of air pollution in major domestic cities , TSP, SO2 concentration, energy structure and the acquirability of history records, present pollution status in Shenyang was compared with historical corresponding status and developmental and changing rules were deduced.2. Three monitoring spots were chosen according to 11 years’ air monitoring records from 1991 to 2001 in Shenyang, respectively representing severely polluted, moderately polluted and relatively sanitary. PM10 and PM2.5 were monitored in the three spots involved. PAHs and NPAs in suspending particles were also monitored, and the source, concentration and health effects were further investigated.3. The pulmonary function of the students in three primary schools on the three spots was measured.Methods1. Selection of monitoring spotsWith the consideration of energy structure in Shenyang, weather conditions , pollution levels of major atmospheric pollutants, the health effects of air pollution, ’and the acquirability of historical records on the air pollution, 1991 -2001 environmental quality monitoring data of Shenyang were acquired and analysed. On the base of this record three spots were selected for typical coal dustparticle and automobile rear smoke pollution monitoring.After investigation three primary schools with different automobile transportation loads in the urban area of Shenyang were selected as monitoring spots, and monitoring instruments were setup in the schools. According to the data from traffic load monitoring department in Shenyang, the 3 primary schools were: He-ping Second School near the Maluwan area with the heaviest traffic, Wenyi Primary School of Shenhe district with moderate traffic and Taishan Primary School of Huanggu district with lightest traffic. Monitoring spot names were designated as the school names.2. Collection and measurement of particle samples(1 ) Atmospheric Pollutant dust sampling; Each monitoring spot was e-quipped with AN - 200 automatic air samplers. In summer ( Non - heating period ) and winter ( heating period) sampling was performed respectively, within one week duration and 24h consecutive sampling. Temperature, pressure and relative humidity of atmosphere were also recorded.( 2) Atmospheric Pollutant dust sampling for PAHs and NPAHsmonitoring: Samplers we used were made in Japan. Duration and method was the same with above statement(3 ) Analysis of particles samples: Sample analysis was conducted by National Institute of Environment in Japan. The measurement of PAHs and NPAHs was performed in Kenzawa University. Ten different kinds of PAHs were measured by HPLC/FLD method, and eleven kinds of NPAHs by HPLC/CLP method.3. Pulmonary Function ExaminationHealthy children with age of 8 - 10 ( Grade 3, Primary School) , living within 1 km vicinity to the schools for at least 3 years, were selected as the subjects for pulmonary function examination (about 100 children for each school). The examinations were performed 4 times: before heating period, within the heating period, after the heating period and non - heating period.Pulmonary function was measured by HI - 701 advanced pneumatometer (Japan). Measured parameters were chiefly FVC, FEV1. 0, FEV1. 0/FVC andso on. A total of 1118 cases were examined.4. Statistical Analysis; The implement of database and data input was conduct with EPI 6. 0 software. Data were analysed by SPSS 10. 0 package, mainly including t test and corresponding analysis.Results1. Concentrations and diameters of the particlesIn non - heating period, the percentage below 2. 1um was 38更多还原